Hepatitis c virus inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The present invention discloses compounds of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or prodrugs thereof: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     which inhibit RNA-containing virus, particularly the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Consequently, the compounds of the present invention interfere with the life cycle of the hepatitis C virus and are also useful as antiviral agents. The present invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the aforementioned compounds for administration to a subject suffering from HCV infection. The invention also relates to methods of treating an HCV infection in a subject by administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compounds of the present invention. The present invention relates to novel antiviral compounds represented herein above, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, and methods for the treatment or prophylaxis of viral (particularly HCV) infection in a subject in need of such therapy with said compounds.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/241,489 filed Sep. 11, 2009. The entire teachings of the above application are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to novel antiviral agents. More specifically, the present invention relates to compounds which can inhibit the function of the NS5A protein encoded by Hepatitis C virus (HCV), compositions comprising such compounds, methods for inhibiting HCV viral replication, methods for treating or preventing HCV infection, and processes for making the compounds.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Infection with HCV is a major cause of human liver disease throughout the world. In the US, an estimated 4.5 million Americans are chronically infected with HCV. Although only 30% of acute infections are symptomatic, greater than 85% of infected individuals develop chronic, persistent infection. Treatment costs for HCV infection have been estimated at $5.46 billion for the US in 1997. Worldwide over 200 million people are estimated to be infected chronically. HCV infection is responsible for 40-60% of all chronic liver disease and 30% of all liver transplants. Chronic HCV infection accounts for 30% of all cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and liver cancer in the U.S. The CDC estimates that the number of deaths due to HCV will minimally increase to 38,000/year by the year 2010.

Due to the high degree of variability in the viral surface antigens, existence of multiple viral genotypes, and demonstrated specificity of immunity, the development of a successful vaccine in the near future is unlikely. Alpha-interferon (alone or in combination with ribavirin) has been widely used since its approval for treatment of chronic HCV infection. However, adverse side effects are commonly associated with this treatment: flu-like symptoms, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, depression from interferon, as well as anemia induced by ribavirin (Lindsay, K. L. (1997) Hepatology, 26 (suppl 1): 71S-77S). This therapy remains less effective against infections caused by HCV genotype 1 (which constitutes ˜75% of all HCV infections in the developed markets) compared to infections caused by the other 5 major HCV genotypes. Unfortunately, only ˜50-80% of the patients respond to this treatment (measured by a reduction in serum HCV RNA levels and normalization of liver enzymes) and, of responders, 50-70% relapse within 6 months of cessation of treatment. Recently, with the introduction of pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN), both initial and sustained response rates have improved substantially, and combination treatment of Peg-IFN with ribavirin constitutes the gold standard for therapy. However, the side effects associated with combination therapy and the impaired response in patients with genotype 1 present opportunities for improvement in the management of this disease.

First identified by molecular cloning in 1989 (Choo, Q-L et al (1989) Science, 244:359-362), HCV is now widely accepted as the most common causative agent of post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH) (Kuo, G et al (1989) Science, 244:362-364). Due to its genome structure and sequence homology, this virus was assigned as a new genus in the Flaviviridae family. Like the other members of the Flaviviridae, such as flaviviruses (e.g. yellow fever virus and Dengue virus types 1-4) and pestiviruses (e.g. bovine viral diarrhea virus, border disease virus, and classic swine fever virus) (Choo, Q-L et al (1989) Science, 244:359-362; Miller, R. H. and R. H. Purcell (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 87:2057-2061), HCV is an enveloped virus containing a single strand RNA molecule of positive polarity. The HCV genome is approximately 9.6 kilobases (kb) with a long, highly conserved, noncapped 5′ nontranslated region (NTR) of approximately 340 bases which functions as an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) (Wang C Y et al ‘An RNA pseudoknot is an essential structural element of the internal ribosome entry site located within the hepatitis C virus 5′ noncoding region’ RNA—A Publication of the RNA Society, 1(5): 526-537, 1995 Jul.). This element is followed by a region which encodes a single long open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of ˜3000 amino acids comprising both the structural and nonstructural viral proteins.

Upon entry into the cytoplasm of the cell, this RNA is directly translated into a polypeptide of ˜3000 amino acids comprising both the structural and nonstructural viral proteins. This large polypeptide is subsequently processed into the individual structural and nonstructural proteins by a combination of host and virally-encoded proteinases (Rice, C. M. (1996) in B. N. Fields, D. M. Knipe and P. M. Howley (eds) Virology, 2^(nd) Edition, p 931-960; Raven Press, N.Y.). There are three structural proteins, C, E1 and E2. The P7 protein is of unknown function and is comprised of a highly variable sequence. There are several non-structural proteins. NS2 is a zinc-dependent metalloproteinase that functions in conjunction with a portion of the NS3 protein. NS3 incorporates two catalytic functions (separate from its association with NS2): a serine protease at the N-terminal end, which requires NS4A as a cofactor, and an ATP-ase-dependent helicase function at the carboxyl terminus. NS4A is a tightly associated but non-covalent cofactor of the serine protease. NS5A is a membrane-anchored phosphoprotein that is observed in basally phosphorylated (56 kDa) and hyperphosphorylated (58 kDa) forms. While its function has not fully been elucidated, NS5A is believed to be important in viral replication. The NS5B protein (591 amino acids, 65 kDa) of HCV (Behrens, S. E. et al (1996) EMBO J., 151 2-22) encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity and contains canonical motifs present in other RNA viral polymerases. The NS5B protein is fairly well conserved both intra-typically (˜95-98% amino acid (aa) identity across 1b isolates) and inter-typically (˜85% aa identity between genotype 1a and 1b isolates). The essentiality of the HCV NS5B RdRp activity for the generation of infectious progeny virions has been formally proven in chimpanzees (A. A. Kolykhalov et al., (2000) Journal of Virology, 74(4): 2046-2051). Thus, inhibition of NS5B RdRp activity (inhibition of RNA replication) is predicted to be useful to treat HCV infection.

Following the termination codon at the end of the long ORF, there is a 3′ NTR which roughly consists of three regions: an ˜40 base region which is poorly conserved among various genotypes, a variable length poly(U)/polypyrimidine tract, and a highly conserved 98 base element also called the “3′ X-tail” (Kolykhalov, A. et al (1996) J. Virology 70:3363-3371; Tanaka, T. et al (1995) Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun., 215744-749; Tanaka, T. et al (1996) J. Virology, 70:3307-3312; Yamada, N. et al (1996) Virology, 223:255-261). The 3′ NTR is predicted to form a stable secondary structure which is essential for HCV growth in chimps and is believed to function in the initiation and regulation of viral RNA replication.

Compounds useful for treating HCV-infected patients are desired which selectively inhibit HCV viral replication. In particular, compounds which are effective to inhibit the function of the NS5A protein are desired. The HCV NS5A protein is described, for example, in Tan, S.-L., Katzel, M. G. Virology, 2001, 284, 1; and in Rice, C. M. Nature, 2005, 435, 374.

Based on the foregoing, there exists a significant need to identify compounds with the ability to inhibit HCV.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel antiviral compounds represented herein below, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, and methods for the treatment or prophylaxis of viral (particularly HCV) infection in a subject in need of such therapy with said compounds. Compounds of the present invention interfere with the life cycle of the hepatitis C virus and are also useful as antiviral agents.

In its principal aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

Ring A is absent or a monocyclic or polycyclic group independently selected from aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, and C₃-C₈ cycloalkenyl, each optionally substituted; preferably optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

Ring B is a monocyclic or polycyclic group independently selected from aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, and C₃-C₈ cycloalkenyl, each optionally substituted; preferably optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

L is absent or selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₄ alkenyl, and optionally substituted C₂-C₄ alkynyl;

G is optionally substituted 5-membered heteroaryl or optionally substituted 5/6-member fused heteroaryl; wherein the 5-membered heteroaryl contains one or more nitrogen atoms, and wherein the 6-membered ring of said 5/6-fused membered heteroaryl is attached to one of Ring A, L, and Ring B, and is aryl or heteroaryl; preferably optionally substituted imidazolyl or optionally substituted benzimidazolyl;

J is selected from —N(R^(1c))—C(O)—, —N(R^(1c))—C(O)O—, and —N(R^(1c))—C(O)—N(R^(1c))—; preferably —N(R^(1c))—C(O)—;

W at each occurrence is independently 0 or —N(R^(1b))—; preferably —N(R^(1b))—;

R¹, R^(1a), R^(1b), R^(1c), R⁹, and R^(9a) at each occurrence are each independently hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl; alternatively R^(1a) and R^(9a), R^(1a) and R⁹, R¹ and R^(9a), or R¹ and R⁹ can be taken together with the carbon atom(s) to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl or optionally substituted 4- to 8-membered heterocyclic; or yet alternatively R^(1b) and R^(9a), or R^(1b) and R⁹ can be taken together with the nitrogen or carbon atom(s) to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 4- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring;

R⁶ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted O(C₁-C₈ alkyl), optionally substituted amino, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkenyl, heterocyclic, aryl, and heteroaryl, each optionally substituted; preferably optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl; more preferably C₁-C₈ alkyl optionally substituted with amino, hydroxy, protected amino or O(C₁-C₄ alkyl);

Q is independently selected from:

X is absent, O, S, CH₂, or CH₂CH₂;

Y is absent, O, S, C(R¹)₂, C(R¹)₂C(R⁷)₂, C(R¹)₂C(R⁷)₂C(R⁷)₂, C(R¹)₂OC(R¹)₂, or C(R¹)₂SC(R¹)₂;

Wherein at least one of X and Y is present;

Wherein at least one of X and Y is not O or S;

U is absent or independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO₂, NC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O), protected carbonyl, OCH₂, OCH₂CH₂, SCH₂, SCH₂CH₂, C(R⁷)₂, and C(R⁷)₂C(R⁷)₂; preferably CH₂;

R⁷ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, cyano, hydroxy, O(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(C₁-C₄ alkyl), amino optionally substituted with one or two C₁-C₄ alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl; preferably hydrogen, halogen or hydroxy;

Optionally two geminal R⁷ groups can be taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a spiro, optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered ring selected from the group consisting of C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkenyl and 3- to 8-membered heterocyclic, each optionally substituted; preferably two geminal R⁷ groups can be taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a spiro, optionally substituted cyclopropyl or a spiro, optionally substituted 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic;

R² at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, or —NR^(a)R^(b);

R^(a) at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl;

R^(b) at each occurrence is —C(O)—R⁶;

Alternatively R^(a) and R^(b) can be taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic or optionally substituted heteroaryl group;

R³ and R⁴ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, and optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; preferably hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl; alternatively, R³ and R⁴ can be taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl or optionally substituted heterocyclic;

R⁵ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, or optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; preferably hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl; and

R^(7a) and R^(7b) at each occurrence are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl; alternatively, CHR^(7a)—U or CHR^(7b)—U can be taken together to form a group selected from CH═CH, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heterocyclic; or yet alternatively, U, R^(7a), and R^(7b) can be taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a bridged, optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered ring including C₄-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₄-C₇ cycloalkenyl and 4- to 7-membered heterocyclic.

Each preferred group stated above can be taken in combination with one, any or all other preferred groups.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or combination of compounds of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting the replication of a RNA-containing virus comprising contacting said virus with said pharmaceutical composition. Particularly, this invention is directed to methods of inhibiting the replication of HCV.

In still another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing infection caused by an RNA-containing virus comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or combination of compounds of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Particularly, this invention is directed to methods of treating or preventing infection caused by HCV.

Yet another aspect of the present invention provides the use of a compound or combination of compounds of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined hereinafter, in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of infection caused by RNA-containing virus, specifically HCV.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compounds of Formula (I) as illustrated above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The compounds of the invention have utility in inhibiting the replication of RNA-containing virus, including, for example, HCV. Other compounds useful for inhibiting the replication of RNA-containing viruses and/or for the treatment or prophylaxis of HCV infection have been described in copending U.S. application Ser. No. 12/702,673 filed Feb. 9, 2010 entitled “Linked Dibenzimidiazole Derivatives”; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/702,692 filed Feb. 9, 2010 entitled “Linked Dibenzimidiazole Derivatives”; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/702,802 filed Feb. 9, 2010 entitled “Linked Dibenzimidiazole Derivatives”; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/707,190 filed Feb. 17, 2010 entitled “Linked Diimidazole Antivirals”; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/707,200 filed Feb. 17, 2010 entitled “Linked Diimidazole Derivatives”; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/707,210 filed Feb. 17, 2010 entitled “Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors”; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/714,583 filed Mar. 1, 2010 entitled “Novel Benzimidazole Derivatives”; and U.S. application Ser. No. 12/714,576 filed Mar. 1, 2010 entitled “Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors”; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/816,148 filed Jun. 15, 2010 entitled “Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors”; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/816,171 filed Jun. 15, 2010 entitled “Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors”; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/241,489 filed Sep. 11, 2009 entitled “Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors”; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/241,578 filed Sep. 11, 2009 entitled “Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors”; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/241,595 filed Sep. 11, 2009 entitled “Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors”; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/241,617 filed Sep. 11, 2009 entitled “Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors”; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/241,577 filed Sep. 11, 2009 entitled “Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors”; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/241,598 filed Sep. 11, 2009 entitled “Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors”; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/286,178 filed Dec. 14, 2009 entitled “Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors”; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/297,918 filed Jan. 25, 2010 entitled “Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors”; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/314,304 filed Mar. 16, 2010 entitled “Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors”; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/322,438 filed Apr. 9, 2010 entitled “Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors”; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/351,327 filed Jun. 4, 2010 entitled “Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors”; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/372,999 filed Aug. 12, 2010 entitled “Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors”; and the contents of each of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein.

As discussed above, a general strategy for the development of antiviral agents is to inactivate virally encoded proteins, including NS5A, that are essential for the replication of the virus. The relevant patent disclosures describing the synthesis of HCV NS5A inhibitors are: US 2009/0202478; US 2009/0202483; WO 2004/014852; WO 2006/079833; WO 2006/1333262; WO 2007/031791; WO 2007/070556; WO 2007/070600; WO 2007/082554; WO 2008/021927; WO 2008/021928; WO 2008/021936; WO 2008/048589; WO 2008/064218; WO 2008/070447; WO 2008/144380; WO 2008/154601; WO 2009/020825; WO 2009/020828; WO 2009/034390; WO 2009/102318; WO 2009/102325; WO 2009/102694; WO 2010/017401; WO 2010/039793; WO 2010/065668; WO 2010/065674; WO 2010/065681; WO 2010/091413; WO 2010/096777; WO 2010/096462 and WO 2010/096302, the contents of each of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein.

In another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein J is —NH—C(O)—.

In still another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein J is —NH—C(O)O—.

In still another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein J is —NH—C(O)—NH—.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein R^(1a) and R^(9a), R^(1a) and R⁹, R¹ and R^(9a), or R¹ and R⁹ are taken together to form an optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl or optionally substituted 4- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring.

In a further embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein R^(1b) and R^(9a), or R^(1b) and R⁹ are taken together with the nitrogen or carbon atom(s) to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 4- to 8-membered heterocyclic.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein the moiety of

is illustrated by one of the following core groups:

wherein R⁶ is as previously defined and each of the above core groups is optionally substituted.

In an additional embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein R₆ is independently an optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl.

In a further embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein —C(O)R₆ is an α-amino acid residue.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein G is an optionally substituted five-membered heteroaryl containing one or more nitrogen atoms, and is C-attached.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein G is optionally substituted 5/6-membered fused heteroaryl; wherein the 5-membered ring of said 5/6-membered fused heteroaryl is heteroaryl containing one or more nitrogen and wherein the 5-membered ring is C-attached to group Q, and wherein the 6-membered ring of said 5/6-membered fused heteroaryl is aryl or heteroaryl and is C-attached to group one of Ring A, L and Ring B.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein G is illustrated by one of the following heteroaryl groups:

wherein each of the above said heteroaryl groups is optionally substituted.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein G is optionally substituted imidazolyl or benzimidazolyl.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formulae (Ia-1˜Ia-4), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof;

wherein Ring A, Ring B, G, J, L, U, W, X, Y, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁹, R^(1a), R^(1b), R^(7a), R^(7b), and R^(9a) are as previously defined.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formulae (Ia-5a˜6), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof;

wherein Ring A, Ring B, G, J, L, R¹, R⁶, R⁹, R^(1a), R^(1b), and R^(9a) are as previously defined.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (Ia-7), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof;

wherein Ring A, Ring B, G, J, L, R¹, R⁶, R⁹, R^(1a), R^(1b), and R^(9a) are as previously defined.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (Ia-7), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein R⁶ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkenyl, heterocyclic, aryl, and heteroaryl, each optionally substituted.

In still another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (Ia-7), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein R⁶ at each occurrence is independently C₁-C₈ alkyl optionally substituted with amino, hydroxy, protected amino, or O(C₁-C₄ alkyl).

In still another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formulae (Ib-1b˜Ib-4), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof;

wherein Ring B, G, J, Q, R¹, R⁶, R⁹, R^(1a), R^(1b) and R^(9a) are as previously defined; in Formula (Ib-1), Ring A and L are each present and as previously defined; in Formula (Ib-2), Ring A is present and as previously defined; in Formula (Ib-3), L is present and as previously defined.

In still another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formulae (Ib-1˜Ib-4), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein R⁶ is independently C₁-C₈ alkyl optionally substituted with amino, hydroxy, protected amino or O(C₁-C₄ alkyl).

In another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (Ib-1), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein Ring A and Ring B are each independently optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl; L is optionally substituted C₂-C₄ alkenyl or optionally substituted C₂-C₄ alkynyl; and G is optionally substituted imidazolyl or benzimidazolyl.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (Ib-2), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein one of Ring A and Ring B is optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, the other of Ring A and Ring B is optionally substituted bicyclic aryl or bicyclic heteroaryl; and G is optionally substituted imidazolyl or benzimidazolyl.

In a further embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (Ib-2), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein Ring A and Ring B are each independently optionally substituted bicyclic aryl or bicyclic heteroaryl; and G is optionally substituted imidazolyl or benzimidazolyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (Ib-2), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein Ring A and Ring B are each independently optionally substituted phenyl or monocyclic heteroaryl; and G is optionally substituted imidazolyl or benzimidazolyl.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (Ib-3), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein Ring B is optionally substituted bicyclic aryl or bicyclic heteroaryl; L is optionally substituted C₂-C₄ alkenyl or optionally substituted C₂-C₄ alkynyl; and G is optionally substituted imidazolyl or benzimidazolyl.

In a further embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (Ib-3), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein Ring B is optionally substituted phenyl or monocyclic heteroaryl; L is optionally substituted C₂-C₄ alkenyl or optionally substituted C₂-C₄ alkynyl; and G is optionally substituted imidazolyl or benzimidazolyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (Ib-4), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein Ring B is optionally substituted polycyclic aryl or polycyclic heteroaryl; and G is optionally substituted imidazolyl or benzimidazolyl.

In still another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein two geminal R⁷ groups can be taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a spiro, optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered ring selected from the group consisting of C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkenyl and 3- to 8-membered heterocyclic, each optionally substituted.

In still another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein two geminal R⁷ groups can be taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a spiro, optionally substituted cyclopropyl or a spiro, optionally substituted 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic.

In still another embodiment, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein

at each occurrence is independently illustrated by one of the following groups:

Representative compounds of the present invention are those selected from compounds I-382 compiled in the following tables:

TABLE 1 Compounds 1-219.

Entry

 1

 2

 3

 4

 5

 6

 7

 8

 9

 10

 11

 12

 13

 14

 15

 16

 17

 18

 19

 20

 21

 22

 23

 24

 25

 26

 27

 28

 29

 30

 31

 32

 33

 34

 35

 36

 37

 38

 39

 40

 41

 42

 43

 44

 45

 46

 47

 48

 49

 50

 51

 52

 53

 54

 55

 56

 57

 58

 59

 60

 61

 62

 63

 64

 65

 66

 67

 68

 69

 70

 71

 72

 73

 74

 75

 76

 77

 78

 79

 80

 81

 82

 83

 84

 85

 86

 87

 88

 89

 90

 91

 92

 93

 94

 95

 96

 97

 98

 99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

TABLE 2 Compounds 220-229.

Entry R R′ R″ U 220 Me H H CH₂ 221 H H H CF₂ 222 Me H H S 223 H H H

224 Me H H O 225 H H H

226 H Ph H CH₂ 227 H H H

228 H H Ph CH₂ 229 H H H

TABLE 3 Compounds 230-233.

Entry E 230 absent 231 CH₂ 232 CH₂CH₂ 233 CH₂CH₂CH₂

TABLE 4 Compounds 234-259.

Entry R 234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

TABLE 5 Compounds 260-268.

Entry Q^(q) 260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

TABLE 6 Compounds 269-278.

Entry R R′ R″ R′′′ Entry R R′ R″ R′′′ 269 F H H H 270 F F H H 271 Me H H H 272 Me Me H H 273 H H Me Me 274 H H Et Et 275 CF₃ H H H 276 CF₃ H CF₃ H 277 Cl H H H 278 Cl H Cl H

TABLE 7 Compounds 279-296.

Entry R R′ R″ Entry R R′ R″ 279 Me H H 280 H CO₂H H 281 H F H 282 H H CO₂H 283 H H F 284 H CO₂Me H 285 H Cl H 286 H H CO₂Me 287 H H Cl 288 H CONH₂ H 289 H Me H 290 H H CONH₂ 291 H H Me 292 H OMe H 293 H CF₃ H 294 H H OMe 295 H H CF₃ 296 CO₂Me H H

TABLE 8 Compounds 297-314.

Entry A^(a) Entry A^(a) 297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

TABLE 9 Compounds 315-335.

Entry A^(a) Entry A^(a) 315

316

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

TABLE 10 Compounds 336-347.

Entry G^(g) Entry G^(g) Entry G^(g) 336

337

338

339

340

341

342

341

342

345

346

347

TABLE 11 Compounds 348-374 and 377-382. 348a and 348b

349a and 349b

350a and 350b

351a and 351b

352

353

354

355

356a and 356b

357a and 357b

358

359

360

361

362

363

364

365

366

367a and 367b

368

370a and 370b

371a and 371b

372

373

374

377a and 377b

378

379

380

381

382a and 382b

It will be appreciated that the description of the present invention herein should be construed in congruity with the laws and principals of chemical bonding. In some instances it may be necessary to remove a hydrogen atom in order to accommodate a substitutent at any given location.

It is intended that the definition of any substituent or variable (e.g., R³, R⁷, etc.) at a particular location in a molecule be independent of its definitions elsewhere in that molecule. For example, when U is C(R⁷)₂, each of the two R⁷ groups may be the same or different.

It is also intended that the drawn formula of any linker or spacer (e.g., —NH—C(O)—, —OC(O)—NH—, etc.) at a particular location in a molecule be independent of its directions of attachment, unless otherwise indicated. For example, when a linker is —NH—C(O)—, it is meant to include —NH—C(O)— and —C(O)—NH— for attachments.

It will be yet appreciated that the compounds of the present invention may contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms and may exist in racemic, diastereoisomeric, and optically active forms. It will still be appreciated that certain compounds of the present invention may exist in different tautomeric forms. All tautomers are contemplated to be within the scope of the present invention.

It should be understood that in some embodiments, the compounds encompassed by the present invention are those that are suitably stable for use as pharmaceutical agent.

It will be further appreciated that reference herein to therapy and/or treatment includes, but is not limited to, prevention, retardation, prophylaxis, therapy and/or cure of the disease. It will further be appreciated that references herein to treatment or prophylaxis of HCV infection includes treatment or prophylaxis of HCV-associated disease such as liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

A further embodiment of the present invention includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising any single compound a combination of two or more compounds delineated herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

Yet a further embodiment of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising any single compound or a combination of two or more compounds delineated herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more agents known in the art, with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

It will be further appreciated that compounds of the present invention can be administered as the sole active pharmaceutical agent, or used in combination with one or more agents to treat or prevent hepatitis C infections or the symptoms associated with HCV infection. Other agents to be administered in combination with a compound or combination of compounds of the present invention include therapies for disease caused by HCV infection that suppresses HCV viral replication by direct or indirect mechanisms. These agents include, but are not limited to, host immune modulators (for example, interferon-alpha, pegylated interferon-alpha, consensus interferon, interferon-beta, interferon-gamma, CpG oligonucleotides and the like); antiviral compounds that inhibit host cellular functions such as inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (for example, ribavirin and the like); cytokines that modulate immune function (for example, interleukin 2, interleukin 6, and interleukin 12); a compound that enhances the development of type 1 helper T cell response; interfering RNA; anti-sense RNA; vaccines comprising HCV antigens or antigen adjuvant combinations directed against HCV; agents that interact with host cellular components to block viral protein synthesis by inhibiting the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) initiated translation step of HCV viral replication or to block viral particle maturation and release with agents targeted toward the viroporin family of membrane proteins such as, for example, HCV P7 and the like; and any agent or combination of agents that inhibit the replication of HCV by targeting other proteins of the viral genome involved in the viral replication and/or interfere with the function of other viral targets, such as inhibitors of NS3/NS4A protease, NS3 helicase, NS5B polymerase, NS4A protein and NS5A protein.

According to yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may further comprise other inhibitor(s) of targets in the HCV life cycle, including, but not limited to, helicase, polymerase, metalloprotease, NS4A protein, NS5A protein, and internal ribosome entry site (IRES).

Accordingly, one embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method for treating or preventing an infection caused by an RNA-containing virus comprising co-administering to a patient in need of such treatment one or more agents selected from the group consisting of a host immune modulator and a second or more antiviral agents, or a combination thereof, with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or combination of compounds of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Examples of the host immune modulator are, but not limited to, interferon-alpha, pegylated-interferon-alpha, interferon-beta, interferon-gamma, a cytokine, a vaccine, and a vaccine comprising an antigen and an adjuvant, and said second antiviral agent inhibits replication of HCV either by inhibiting host cellular functions associated with viral replication or by targeting proteins of the viral genome. An example of the RNA-containing virus includes, but is not limited to, hepatitis C virus (HCV).

A further embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method of treating or preventing infection caused by an RNA-containing virus comprising co-administering to a patient in need of such treatment an agent or combination of agents that treat or alleviate symptoms of HCV infection including cirrhosis and inflammation of the liver, with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or combination of compounds of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. An example of the RNA-containing virus includes, but is not limited to, hepatitis C virus (HCV).

Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing infection caused by an RNA-containing virus comprising co-administering to a patient in need of such treatment one or more agents that treat patients for disease caused by hepatitis B (HBV) infection, with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or a combination of compounds of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. An agent that treats patients for disease caused by hepatitis B (HBV) infection may be for example, but not limited thereto, L-deoxythymidine, adefovir, lamivudine or tenfovir, or any combination thereof. An example of the RNA-containing virus includes, but is not limited to, hepatitis C virus (HCV).

A further embodiment of the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing infection caused by an RNA-containing virus comprising co-administering to a patient in need of such treatment one or more agents that treat patients for disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or a combination of compounds of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The agent that treats patients for disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection may include, but is not limited thereto, ritonavir, lopinavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir, amprenavir, atazanavir, tipranavir, TMC-114, fosamprenavir, zidovudine, lamivudine, didanosine, stavudine, tenofovir, zalcitabine, abacavir, efavirenz, nevirapine, delavirdine, TMC-125, L-870812, S-1360, enfuvirtide (T-20) or T-1249, or any combination thereof. An example of the RNA-containing virus includes, but is not limited to, hepatitis C virus (HCV).

It can occur that a patient may be co-infected with hepatitis C virus and one or more other viruses, including but not limited to, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Thus also contemplated is combination therapy to treat such co-infections by co-administering a compound according to the present invention with at least one of an HIV inhibitor, an HAV inhibitor and an HBV inhibitor.

In addition, the present invention provides the use of a compound or a combination of compounds of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more agents selected from the group consisting of a host immune modulator and a second or more antiviral agents, or a combination thereof, to prepare a medicament for the treatment of an infection caused by an RNA-containing virus in a patient, particularly hepatitis C virus. Examples of the host immune modulator include, but are not limited to, interferon-alpha, pegylated-interferon-alpha, interferon-beta, interferon-gamma, a cytokine, a vaccine, and a vaccine comprising an antigen and an adjuvant, and said second antiviral agent inhibits replication of HCV either by inhibiting host cellular functions associated with viral replication or by targeting proteins of the viral genome.

When used in the above or other treatments, combination of compound or compounds of the present invention, together with one or more agents as defined herein above, can be employed in pure form or, where such forms exist, in pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Alternatively, such combination of therapeutic agents can be administered as a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of the compound or combination of compounds of interest, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more agents as defined hereinabove, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Such pharmaceutical compositions can be used for inhibiting the replication of an RNA-containing virus, particularly Hepatitis C virus (HCV), by contacting said virus with said pharmaceutical composition. In addition, such compositions are useful for the treatment or prevention of an infection caused by an RNA-containing virus, particularly Hepatitis C virus (HCV).

Hence, a still further embodiment of the invention is directed to a method of treating or preventing infection caused by an RNA-containing virus, particularly a hepatitis C virus (HCV), comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or combination of compounds of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more agents as defined hereinabove, with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

When administered as a combination, the therapeutic agents can be formulated as separate compositions which are given at the same time or within a predetermined period of time, or the therapeutic agents can be given as a single unit dosage form.

Antiviral agents contemplated for use in such combination therapy include agents (compounds or biologicals) that are effective to inhibit the formation and/or replication of a virus in a mammal, including but not limited to agents that interfere with either host or viral mechanisms necessary for the formation and/or replication of a virus in a mammal. Such agents can be selected from another anti-HCV agent; an HIV inhibitor; an HAV inhibitor; and an HBV inhibitor.

Other agents to be administered in combination with a compound of the present invention include a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase inhibitor (also referred to herein as a CYP inhibitor), which is expected to inhibit metabolism of the compounds of the invention. Therefore, the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase inhibitor would be in an amount effective to inhibit metabolism of the compounds of this invention. Accordingly, the CYP inhibitor is administered in an amount such that the bioavailiablity of the protease inhibitor is increased in comparison to the bioavailability in the absence of the CYP inhibitor.

In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for improving the pharmacokinetics of compounds of the invention. The advantages of improving the pharmacokinetics of drugs are recognized in the art (see, for example, US Patent Pub. Nos. 2004/0091527; US 2004/0152625; and US 2004/0091527). Accordingly, one embodiment of this invention provides a method for administering an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a compound of the invention. Another embodiment of this invention provides a method for administering a compound of the invention and an inhibitor of isozyme 3A4 (“CYP3A4”), isozyme 2C19 (“CYP2C19”), isozyme 2D6 (“CYP2D6”), isozyme 1A2 (“CYP1A2”), isozyme 2C9 (“CYP2C9”), or isozyme 2E1 (“CYP2E1”). In a preferred embodiment, the CYP inhibitor preferably inhibits CYP3A4. Any CYP inhibitor that improves the pharmacokinetics of the relevant NS3/4A protease may be used in a method of this invention. These CYP inhibitors include, but are not limited to, ritonavir (see, for example, WO 94/14436), ketoconazole, troleandomycin, 4-methylpyrazole, cyclosporin, clomethiazole, cimetidine, itraconazole, fluconazole, miconazole, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, nefazodone, sertraline, indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir, fosamprenavir, saquinavir, lopinavir, delavirdine, erythromycin, VX-944, and VX-497. Preferred CYP inhibitors include ritonavir, ketoconazole, troleandomycin, 4-methylpyrazole, cyclosporin, and clomethiazole.

It will be understood that the administration of the combination of the invention by means of a single patient pack, or patient packs of each formulation, containing within a package insert instructing the patient to the correct use of the invention is a desirable additional feature of this invention.

According to a further aspect of the invention is a pack comprising at least a compound of the invention and a CYP inhibitor of the invention and an information insert containing directions on the use of the combination of the invention. In an alternative embodiment of this invention, the pharmaceutical pack further comprises one or more of additional agent as described herein. The additional agent or agents may be provided in the same pack or in separate packs.

Another aspect of this involves a packaged kit for a patient to use in the treatment of HCV infection or in the prevention of HCV infection, comprising: a single or a plurality of pharmaceutical formulation of each pharmaceutical component; a container housing the pharmaceutical formulation (s) during storage and prior to administration; and instructions for carrying out drug administration in a manner effective to treat or prevent HCV infection.

Accordingly, this invention provides kits for the simultaneous or sequential administration of a compound of the invention and a CYP inhibitor (and optionally an additional agent) or derivatives thereof are prepared in a conventional manner. Typically, such a kit will comprise, e.g. a composition of each inhibitor and optionally the additional agent (s) in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier (and in one or in a plurality of pharmaceutical formulations) and written instructions for the simultaneous or sequential administration.

In another embodiment, a packaged kit is provided that contains one or more dosage forms for self administration; a container means, preferably sealed, for housing the dosage forms during storage and prior to use; and instructions for a patient to carry out drug administration. The instructions will typically be written instructions on a package insert, a label, and/or on other components of the kit, and the dosage form or forms are as described herein. Each dosage form may be individually housed, as in a sheet of a metal foil-plastic laminate with each dosage form isolated from the others in individual cells or bubbles, or the dosage forms may be housed in a single container, as in a plastic bottle. The present kits will also typically include means for packaging the individual kit components, i.e., the dosage forms, the container means, and the written instructions for use. Such packaging means may take the form of a cardboard or paper box, a plastic or foil pouch, etc.

DEFINITIONS

Listed below are definitions of various terms used to describe this invention. These definitions apply to the terms as they are used throughout this specification and claims, unless otherwise limited in specific instances, either individually or as part of a larger group.

The term “viral infection” refers to the introduction of a virus into cells or tissues, e.g., hepatitis C virus (HCV). In general, the introduction of a virus is also associated with replication. Viral infection may be determined by measuring virus antibody titer in samples of a biological fluid, such as blood, using, e.g., enzyme immunoassay. Other suitable diagnostic methods include molecular based techniques, such as RT-PCR, direct hybrid capture assay, nucleic acid sequence based amplification, and the like. A virus may infect an organ, e.g., liver, and cause disease, e.g., hepatitis, cirrhosis, chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma.

The term “immune modulator” refers to any substance meant to alter the working of the humoral or cellular immune system of a subject. Such immune modulators include inhibitors of mast cell-mediated inflammation, interferons, interleukins, prostaglandins, steroids, cortico-steroids, colony-stimulating factors, chemotactic factors, etc.

The term “aryl,” as used herein, refers to a mono- or polycyclic carbocyclic ring system including, but not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, and idenyl. A polycyclic aryl is a polycyclic ring system that comprises at least one aromatic ring. Polycyclic aryls can comprise fused rings, covalently attached rings or a combination thereof.

The term “heteroaryl,” as used herein, refers to a mono- or polycyclic ring system comprising at least one aromatic ring having one or more ring atom selected from S, O and N; and the remaining ring atoms are carbon, wherein any N or S contained within the ring may be optionally oxidized. Heteroaryl includes, but is not limited to, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzooxazolyl, and quinoxalinyl. A polycyclic heteroaryl can comprise fused rings, covalently attached rings or a combination thereof.

In accordance with the invention, any of the aryls, substituted aryls, heteroaryls and substituted heteroaryls described herein, can be any aromatic group. Aromatic groups can be substituted or unsubstituted.

The term “bicyclic aryl” or “bicyclic heteroaryl” refers to a ring system consisting of two rings wherein at least one ring is aromatic; and they can be fused or covalently attached.

The term “tricyclic aryl” or “tricyclic heteroaryl” refers to a ring system consisting of three rings wherein at least one ring is aromatic.

The terms “C₁-C₄ alkyl,” “C₁-C₆ alkyl,” “C₁-C₈ alkyl,” “C₂-C₄ alkyl,” or “C₃-C₆ alkyl,” as used herein, refer to saturated, straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbon radicals containing between one and four, one and six, one and eight carbon atoms, or the like, respectively. Examples of C₁-C₈ alkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tent-butyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, heptyl and octyl radicals.

The terms “C₂-C₈ alkenyl,” “C₂-C₄ alkenyl,” “C₃-C₄ alkenyl,” or “C₃-C₆ alkenyl,” as used herein, refer to straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbon radicals containing from two to eight, or two to four carbon atoms, or the like, having at least one carbon-carbon double bond by the removal of a single hydrogen atom. Alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, for example, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, 1-methyl-2-buten-1-yl, heptenyl, octenyl, and the like.

The terms “C₂-C₈ alkynyl,” “C₂-C₄ alkynyl,” “C₃-C₄ alkynyl,” or “C₃-C₆ alkynyl,” as used herein, refer to straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbon radicals containing from two to eight, or two to four carbon atoms, or the like, having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond by the removal of a single hydrogen atom. Representative alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, for example, ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 1-butynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, and the like.

The term “C₃-C₈-cycloalkyl”, or “C₅-C₇-cycloalkyl,” as used herein, refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic saturated carbocyclic ring compound, and the carbon atoms may be optionally oxo-substituted. Examples of C₃-C₈-cycloalkyl include, but not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl and cyclooctyl; and examples of C₅-C₇-cycloalkyl include, but not limited to, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, and the like.

The term “C₃-C₈ cycloalkenyl”, or “C₅-C₇ cycloalkenyl” as used herein, refers to monocyclic or polycyclic carbocyclic ring compound having at least one carbon-carbon double bond, and the carbon atoms may be optionally oxo-substituted. Examples of C₃-C₈ cycloalkenyl include, but not limited to, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, and the like; and examples of C₅-C₇ cycloalkenyl include, but not limited to, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, and the like.

The term “arylalkyl”, as used herein, refers to an aryl-substituted alkyl group. More preferred arylalkyl groups are aryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl groups.

The term “heteroarylalkyl”, as used herein, refers to a heteroaryl-substituted alkyl group. More preferred heteroarylalkyl groups are heteroaryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl groups.

It is understood that any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclic and cycloalkenyl moiety described herein can also be an aliphatic group or an alicyclic group.

An “aliphatic” group is a non-aromatic moiety comprised of any combination of carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, oxygen, nitrogen or other atoms, and optionally contains one or more units of unsaturation, e.g., double and/or triple bonds. Examples of aliphatic groups are functional groups, such as, O, OH, NH, NH₂, C(O), S(O)₂, C(O)O, C(O)NH, OC(O)O, OC(O)NH, OC(O)NH₂, S(O)₂NH, S(O)₂NH₂, NHC(O)NH₂, NHC(O)C(O)NH, NHS(O)₂NH, NHS(O)₂NH₂, C(O)NHS(O)₂, C(O)NHS(O)₂NH or C(O)NHS(O)₂NH₂, and the like, groups comprising one or more functional groups, non-aromatic hydrocarbons (optionally substituted), and groups wherein one or more carbons of a non-aromatic hydrocarbon (optionally substituted) is replaced by a functional group. Carbon atoms of an aliphatic group can be optionally oxo-substituted. An aliphatic group may be straight chained, branched, cyclic, or a combination thereof and preferably contains between about 1 and about 24 carbon atoms, more typically between about 1 and about 12 carbon atoms. In addition to aliphatic hydrocarbon groups, as used herein, aliphatic groups expressly include, for example, alkoxyalkyls, polyalkoxyalkyls, such as polyalkylene glycols, polyamines, and polyimines, for example. Aliphatic groups may be optionally substituted. A linear aliphatic group is a non-cyclic aliphatic group. It is to be understood that when an aliphatic group or a linear aliphatic group is said to “contain” or “include” or “comprise” one or more specified functional groups, the aliphatic group can be selected from one or more of the specified functional groups or a combination thereof, or a group wherein one or more carbons of a non-aromatic hydrocarbon (optionally substituted) is replaced by a specified functional group. In some examples, the linear aliphatic group can be represented by the formula M-V′-M′, where M and M′ are each independently absent or an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, each optionally substituted, and V′ is a functional group. In some examples, V′ is selected from the group consisting of C(O), S(O)₂, C(O)O, C(O)N(R¹¹), OC(O)O, OC(O)N(R¹¹), S(O)₂N(R¹¹), N(R¹¹)C(O)N(R¹¹), N(R¹¹)C(O)C(O)N(R¹¹), N(R¹¹)S(O)₂N(R¹¹), C(O)N(R¹¹)S(O)₂ or C(O)N(R¹¹)S(O)₂N(R¹¹); wherein R¹¹ is as previously defined. In another aspect of the invention, an exemplary linear aliphatic group is an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, each optionally substituted, which is interrupted or terminated by a functional group such as described herein.

The term “alicyclic,” as used herein, denotes a monovalent group derived from a monocyclic or bicyclic saturated carbocyclic ring compound by the removal of a single hydrogen atom, and the carbon atoms may be optionally oxo-substituted. Examples include, but not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, and bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl. Such alicyclic groups may be further substituted.

The terms “heterocyclic” or “heterocycloalkyl” can be used interchangeably and referred to a non-aromatic ring or a bi- or tri-cyclic group fused system, where (i) each ring system contains at least one heteroatom independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, (ii) each ring system can be saturated or unsaturated, (iii) the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized, (iv) the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized, (v) any of the above rings may be fused to an aromatic ring, and (vi) the remaining ring atoms are carbon atoms which may be optionally oxo-substituted. Representative heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, 1,3-dioxolane, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyridazinonyl, and tetrahydrofuryl. Such heterocyclic groups may be further substituted. Heteroaryl or heterocyclic groups can be C-attached or N-attached (where possible).

It is understood that any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, aliphatic moiety or the like, described herein can also be a divalent or multivalent group when used as a linkage to connect two or more groups or substituents, which can be at the same or different atom(s).

The term “substituted” when used with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, or aliphatic as described herein refers to substitution by independent replacement of one, two, or three or more of the hydrogen atoms thereon with substituents including, but not limited to, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, protected hydroxy, —NO₂, —N₃, —CN, —NH₂, protected amino, oxo, thioxo, —NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NH—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —NH—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NH-aryl, —NH-heteroaryl, —NH-heterocycloalkyl, -dialkylamino, -diarylamino, -diheteroarylamino, —O—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —O—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —O—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —O—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —O-heterocycloalkyl, —C(O)—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —C(O)—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —C(O)—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —C(O)—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —C(O)-aryl, —C(O)-heteroaryl, —C(O)-heterocycloalkyl, —CONH₂, —CONH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —CONH—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —CONH—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —CONH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —CONH-aryl, —CONH-heteroaryl, —CONH-heterocycloalkyl, —OCO₂—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —OCO₂—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —OCO₂—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —OCO₂—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —OCO₂-aryl, —OCO₂-heteroaryl, —OCO₂-heterocycloalkyl, —CO₂—C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, —CO₂—C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —CO₂—C₂-C₈ alkynyl, CO₂—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —CO₂— aryl, CO₂-heteroaryl, CO₂-heterocyloalkyl, —OCONH₂, —OCONH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —OCONH—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —OCONH—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —OCONH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —OCONH-aryl, —OCONH-heteroaryl, —OCONH— heterocycloalkyl, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHC(O)—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —NHC(O)—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —NHC(O)—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHC(O)-aryl, —NHC(O)-heteroaryl, —NHC(O)-heterocycloalkyl, —NHCO₂—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHCO₂—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —NHCO₂—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —NHCO₂—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHCO₂-aryl, —NHCO₂-heteroaryl, —NHCO₂— heterocycloalkyl, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHC(O)NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHC(O)NH—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —NHC(O)NH—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —NHC(O)NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHC(O)NH-aryl, —NHC(O)NH-heteroaryl, —NHC(O)NH-heterocycloalkyl, NHC(S)NH₂, —NHC(S)NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHC(S)NH—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —NHC(S)NH—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —NHC(S)NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHC(S)NH-aryl, —NHC(S)NH-heteroaryl, —NHC(S)NH-heterocycloalkyl, —NHC(NH)NH₂, —NHC(NH)NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHC(NH)NH—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —NHC(NH)NH—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —NHC(NH)NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHC(NH)NH-aryl, —NHC(NH)NH-heteroaryl, —NHC(NH)NH-heterocycloalkyl, —NHC(NH)—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHC(NH)—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —NHC(NH)—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —NHC(NH)—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHC(NH)-aryl, —NHC(NH)-heteroaryl, —NHC(NH)-heterocycloalkyl, —C(NH)NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —C(NH)NH—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —C(NH)NH—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —C(NH)NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —C(NH)NH-aryl, —C(NH)NH-heteroaryl, —C(NH)NH-heterocycloalkyl, —S(O)—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —S(O)—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —S(O)—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —S(O)—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —S(O)-aryl, —S(O)-heteroaryl, —S(O)-heterocycloalkyl, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —SO₂NH—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —SO₂NH—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —SO₂NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —SO₂NH-aryl, —SO₂NH-heteroaryl, —SO₂NH— heterocycloalkyl, —NHSO₂—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHSO₂—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —NHSO₂—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —NHSO₂—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHSO₂-aryl, —NHSO₂-heteroaryl, —NHSO₂-heterocycloalkyl, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂SO₂CH₃, -aryl, -arylalkyl, -heteroaryl, -heteroarylalkyl, -heterocycloalkyl, —C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, polyalkoxyalkyl, polyalkoxy, -methoxymethoxy, -methoxyethoxy, —SH, —S—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —S—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —S—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —S—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —S-aryl, —S-heteroaryl, —S-heterocycloalkyl, or methylthiomethyl. It is understood that the aryls, heteroaryls, alkyls, and the like can be further substituted.

The term “halogen,” as used herein, refers to an atom selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

The term “hydrogen” includes hydrogen and deuterium. In addition, the recitation of an atom includes other isotopes of that atom so long as the resulting compound is pharmaceutically acceptable.

The term “hydroxy activating group,” as used herein, refers to a labile chemical moiety which is known in the art to activate a hydroxyl group so that it will depart during synthetic procedures such as in a substitution or an elimination reaction. Examples of hydroxyl activating group include, but not limited to, mesylate, tosylate, triflate, p-nitrobenzoate, phosphonate and the like.

The term “activated hydroxy,” as used herein, refers to a hydroxy group activated with a hydroxyl activating group, as defined above, including mesylate, tosylate, triflate, p-nitrobenzoate, phosphonate groups, for example.

The term “hydroxy protecting group,” as used herein, refers to a labile chemical moiety which is known in the art to protect a hydroxyl group against undesired reactions during synthetic procedures. After said synthetic procedure(s) the hydroxy protecting group as described herein may be selectively removed. Hydroxy protecting groups as known in the art are described generally in T. H. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999). Examples of hydroxyl protecting groups include benzyloxycarbonyl, 4-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, isopropoxycarbonyl, diphenylmethoxycarbonyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl, acetyl, formyl, chloroacetyl, trifluoroacetyl, methoxyacetyl, phenoxyacetyl, benzoyl, methyl, t-butyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-trimethylsilyl ethyl, allyl, benzyl, triphenylmethyl (trityl), methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, benzyloxymethyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl, methanesulfonyl, trimethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, and the like.

The term “protected hydroxy,” as used herein, refers to a hydroxy group protected with a hydroxy protecting group, as defined above, including benzoyl, acetyl, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, methoxymethyl groups, for example.

The term “carbonyl protecting group,” as used herein, refers to a labile chemical moiety which is known in the art to protect a carbonyl group against undesired reactions during synthetic procedures. After said synthetic procedure(s) the carbonyl protecting group as described herein may be selectively removed. Carbonyl protecting groups as known in the art are described generally in T. H. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999). Examples of carbonyl protecting groups include acetals, ketals, cyclic acetals, cyclic ketals, mono- or dithioacetals, mono- or dithioketals, optionally substituted hydrazones or oximes.

The term “protected carbonyl,” as used herein, refers to a carbonyl group protected with a carbonyl protecting group, as defined above, including dimethyl acetal, 1,3-dioxolane, 1,3-dioxane, S,S′-dimethylketal, 1,3-dithiane, 1,3-dithiolane, 1,3-oxathiolane, N,N-dimethylhydrazone, oxime, for example.

The term “amino protecting group,” as used herein, refers to a labile chemical moiety which is known in the art to protect an amino group against undesired reactions during synthetic procedures. After said synthetic procedure(s) the amino protecting group as described herein may be selectively removed. Amino protecting groups as known in the art are described generally in T. H. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999). Examples of amino protecting groups include, but are not limited to, methoxycarbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, and the like.

The term “protected amino,” as used herein, refers to an amino group protected with an amino protecting group as defined above.

The term “substituted amino,” as used herein, refers to substitution by replacement of one or two hydrogen atoms of —NH₂ with substituents independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and optionally substituted heterocyclic; alternatively, when disubstituted, the two substitutents can be optionally taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic group.

The term “leaving group” means a functional group or atom which can be displaced by another functional group or atom in a substitution reaction, such as a nucleophilic substitution reaction. By way of example, representative leaving groups include chloro, bromo and iodo groups; sulfonic ester groups, such as mesylate, tosylate, brosylate, nosylate and the like; hydroxy; imidazolyl; and acyloxy groups, such as acetoxy, trifluoroacetoxy and the like.

The term “aprotic solvent,” as used herein, refers to a solvent that is relatively inert to proton activity, i.e., not acting as a proton-donor. Examples include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbons, such as hexane and toluene, for example, halogenated hydrocarbons, such as, for example, methylene chloride, ethylene chloride, chloroform, and the like, heterocyclic compounds, such as, for example, tetrahydrofuran and N-methylpyrrolidinone, and ethers such as diethyl ether, bis-methoxymethyl ether. Such compounds are well known to those skilled in the art, and it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that individual solvents or mixtures thereof may be preferred for specific compounds and reaction conditions, depending upon such factors as the solubility of reagents, reactivity of reagents and preferred temperature ranges, for example. Further discussions of aprotic solvents may be found in organic chemistry textbooks or in specialized monographs, for example: Organic Solvents Physical Properties and Methods of Purification, 4th ed., edited by John A. Riddick et al., Vol. II, in the Techniques of Chemistry Series, John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1986.

The term “protic solvent” as used herein, refers to a solvent that tends to provide protons, such as an alcohol, for example, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, t-butanol, and the like. Such solvents are well known to those skilled in the art, and it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that individual solvents or mixtures thereof may be preferred for specific compounds and reaction conditions, depending upon such factors as the solubility of reagents, reactivity of reagents and preferred temperature ranges, for example. Further discussions of protogenic solvents may be found in organic chemistry textbooks or in specialized monographs, for example: Organic Solvents Physical Properties and Methods of Purification, 4th ed., edited by John A. Riddick et al., Vol. II, in the Techniques of Chemistry Series, John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1986.

Combinations of substituents and variables envisioned by this invention are only those that result in the formation of stable compounds. The term “stable,” as used herein, refers to compounds which possess stability sufficient to allow manufacture and which maintains the integrity of the compound for a sufficient period of time to be useful for the purposes detailed herein (e.g., therapeutic or prophylactic administration to a subject).

The synthesized compounds can be separated from a reaction mixture and further purified by a method such as column chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, or recrystallization. As can be appreciated by the skilled artisan, further methods of synthesizing the compounds of the Formula herein will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art. Additionally, the various synthetic steps may be performed in an alternate sequence or order to give the desired compounds. Synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group methodologies (protection and deprotection) useful in synthesizing the compounds described herein are known in the art and include, for example, those such as described in R. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, 2^(nd) Ed. Wiley-VCH (1999); T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons (1999); L. Fieser and M. Fieser, Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1994); and L. Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995), and subsequent editions thereof.

The term “subject” as used herein refers to an animal. Preferably the animal is a mammal. More preferably the mammal is a human. A subject also refers to, for example, dogs, cats, horses, cows, pigs, guinea pigs, fish, birds and the like.

The compounds of this invention may be modified by appending appropriate functionalities to enhance selective biological properties. Such modifications are known in the art and may include those which increase biological penetration into a given biological system (e.g., blood, lymphatic system, central nervous system), increase oral availability, increase solubility to allow administration by injection, alter metabolism and alter rate of excretion.

The compounds described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)-, or as (D)- or (L)- for amino acids. The present invention is meant to include all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms. Optical isomers may be prepared from their respective optically active precursors by the procedures described above, or by resolving the racemic mixtures. The resolution can be carried out in the presence of a resolving agent, by chromatography or by repeated crystallization or by some combination of these techniques which are known to those skilled in the art. Further details regarding resolutions can be found in Jacques, et al., Enantiomers, Racemates, and Resolutions (John Wiley & Sons, 1981). When the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds, other unsaturation, or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers or cis- and trans-isomers. Likewise, all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included. Tautomers may be in cyclic or acyclic. The configuration of any carbon-carbon double bond appearing herein is selected for convenience only and is not intended to designate a particular configuration unless the text so states; thus a carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-heteroatom double bond depicted arbitrarily herein as trans may be cis, trans, or a mixture of the two in any proportion.

Certain compounds of the present invention may also exist in different stable conformational forms which may be separable. Torsional asymmetry due to restricted rotation about an asymmetric single bond, for example because of steric hindrance or ring strain, may permit separation of different conformers. The present invention includes each conformational isomer of these compounds and mixtures thereof.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge, et al. describes pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 66: 1-19 (1977). The salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or separately by reacting the free base function with a suitable organic acid. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, sulfonate and aryl sulfonate.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable ester” refers to esters which hydrolyze in vivo and include those that break down readily in the human body to leave the parent compound or a salt thereof. Suitable ester groups include, for example, those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable aliphatic carboxylic acids, particularly alkanoic, alkenoic, cycloalkanoic and alkanedioic acids, in which each alkyl or alkenyl moiety advantageously has not more than 6 carbon atoms. Examples of particular esters include, but are not limited to, formates, acetates, propionates, butyrates, acrylates and ethylsuccinates.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs,” as used herein, refers to those prodrugs of the compounds of the present invention which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals with undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and effective for their intended use, as well as the zwitterionic forms, where possible, of the compounds of the present invention. “Prodrug”, as used herein means a compound which is convertible in vivo by metabolic means (e.g. by hydrolysis) to a compound of the invention. Various forms of prodrugs are known in the art, for example, as discussed in Bundgaard, (ed), Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier (1985); Widder, et al. (ed), Methods in Enzymology, vol. 4, Academic Press (1985); Krogsgaard-Larsen, et al., (ed). “Design and Application of Prodrugs,” Textbook of Drug Design and Development, Chapter 5, 113-191 (1991); Bundgaard, et al., Journal of Drug Deliver Reviews, 8:1-38 (1992); Bundgaard, J. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 77:285 et seq. (1988); Higuchi and Stella (eds) Prodrugs as Novel Drug Delivery Systems, American Chemical Society (1975); and Bernard Testa & Joachim Mayer, “Hydrolysis In Drug And Prodrug Metabolism: Chemistry, Biochemistry And Enzymology,” John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. (2002).

The present invention also relates to solvates of the compounds of Formula (I), for example hydrates.

This invention also encompasses pharmaceutical compositions containing, and methods of treating viral infections through administering, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs of compounds of the invention. For example, compounds of the invention having free amino, amido, hydroxy or carboxylic groups can be converted into prodrugs. Prodrugs include compounds wherein an amino acid residue, or a polypeptide chain of two or more (e.g., two, three or four) amino acid residues is covalently joined through an amide or ester bond to a free amino, hydroxy or carboxylic acid group of compounds of the invention. The amino acid residues include, but are not limited to, the 20 naturally occurring amino acids commonly designated by three letter symbols and also includes 4-hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, demosine, isodemosine, 3-methylhistidine, norvalin, beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, citrulline, homocysteine, homoserine, ornithine and methionine sulfone. Additional types of prodrugs are also encompassed. For instance, free carboxyl groups can be derivatized as amides or alkyl esters. Free hydroxy groups may be derivatized using groups including but not limited to hemisuccinates, phosphate esters, dimethylaminoacetates, and phosphoryloxymethyloxycarbonyls, as outlined in Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 1996, 19, 115. Carbamate prodrugs of hydroxy and amino groups are also included, as are carbonate prodrugs, sulfonate esters and sulfate esters of hydroxy groups. Derivatization of hydroxy groups as (acyloxy)methyl and (acyloxy)ethyl ethers wherein the acyl group may be an alkyl ester, optionally substituted with groups including but not limited to ether, amine and carboxylic acid functionalities, or where the acyl group is an amino acid ester as described above, are also encompassed. Prodrugs of this type are described in J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 10. Free amines can also be derivatized as amides, sulfonamides or phosphonamides. All of these prodrug moieties may incorporate groups including but not limited to ether, amine and carboxylic acid functionalities.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient” means a non-toxic, inert solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are sugars such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols such as propylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminun hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol, and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir, preferably by oral administration or administration by injection. The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may contain any conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles. In some cases, the pH of the formulation may be adjusted with pharmaceutically acceptable acids, bases or buffers to enhance the stability of the formulated compound or its delivery form. The term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarticular, intraarterial, intrasynovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.

Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions, may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.

The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.

In order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution, which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissues.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of this invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or: a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents.

Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

The active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.

Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches. The active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required. Ophthalmic formulation, ear drops, eye ointments, powders and solutions are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.

The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.

Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to the compounds of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons.

Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

For pulmonary delivery, a therapeutic composition of the invention is formulated and administered to the patient in solid or liquid particulate form by direct administration e.g., inhalation into the respiratory system. Solid or liquid particulate forms of the active compound prepared for practicing the present invention include particles of respirable size: that is, particles of a size sufficiently small to pass through the mouth and larynx upon inhalation and into the bronchi and alveoli of the lungs. Delivery of aerosolized therapeutics, particularly aerosolized antibiotics, is known in the art (see, for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,767,068 to VanDevanter et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,269 to Smith et al., and WO 98/43650 by Montgomery, all of which are incorporated herein by reference). A discussion of pulmonary delivery of antibiotics is also found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,014,969, incorporated herein by reference.

Antiviral Activity

An inhibitory amount or dose of the compounds of the present invention may range from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 500 mg/Kg, alternatively from about 0.1 to about 50 mg/Kg. Inhibitory amounts or doses will also vary depending on route of administration, as well as the possibility of co-usage with other agents.

According to the methods of treatment of the present invention, viral infections are treated or prevented in a patient such as a human or another animal by administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, in such amounts and for such time as is necessary to achieve the desired result. An additional method of the present invention is the treatment of biological samples with an inhibitory amount of a compound of composition of the present invention in such amounts and for such time as is necessary to achieve the desired result.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound of the invention, as used herein, means an amount of the compound which confers a therapeutic effect on the treated subject, at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment. The therapeutic effect may be objective (i.e., measurable by some test or marker) or subjective (i.e., subject gives an indication of or feels an effect).

The term “inhibitory amount” of a compound of the present invention means a sufficient amount to decrease the viral load in a biological sample or a subject (e.g., resulting in at least 10%, preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 80%, and most preferably at least 90% or 95%, reduction in viral load). It is understood that when said inhibitory amount of a compound of the present invention is administered to a subject it will be at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment as determined by a physician. The term “biological sample(s),” as used herein, means a substance of biological origin intended for administration to a subject. Examples of biological samples include, but are not limited to, blood and components thereof such as plasma, platelets, subpopulations of blood cells and the like; organs such as kidney, liver, heart, lung, and the like; sperm and ova; bone marrow and components thereof; or stem cells. Thus, another embodiment of the present invention is a method of treating a biological sample by contacting said biological sample with an inhibitory amount of a compound or pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.

Effective doses will also vary depending on route of administration, as well as the possibility of co-usage with other agents. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or contemporaneously with the specific compound employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.

The total daily dose of the compounds of this invention administered to a human or other animal in single or in divided doses can be in amounts, for example, from 0.01 to 50 mg/kg body weight or more usually from 0.1 to 25 mg/kg body weight. Single dose compositions may contain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose. In general, treatment regimens according to the present invention comprise administration to a patient in need of such treatment from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg of the compound(s) of this invention per day in single or multiple doses.

Upon improvement of a patient's condition, a maintenance dose of a compound, composition or combination of this invention may be administered, if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or frequency of administration, or both, may be reduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved condition is retained when the symptoms have been alleviated to the desired level. Patients may, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of disease symptoms.

When the compositions of this invention comprise a combination of a compound of the Formula (I) described herein and one or more additional therapeutic or prophylactic agents, both the compound and the additional agent should be present at dosage levels of between about 1 to 100%, and more preferably between about 5 to 95% of the dosage normally administered in a monotherapy regimen. The additional agents may be administered separately, as part of a multiple dose regimen, from the compounds of this invention. Alternatively, those agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with the compounds of this invention in a single composition.

The said “additional therapeutic or prophylactic agents” include, but are not limited to, immune therapies (eg. interferon), therapeutic vaccines, antifibrotic agents, anti-inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids or NSAIDs, bronchodilators such as beta-2 adrenergic agonists and xanthines (e.g. theophylline), mucolytic agents, anti-muscarinics, anti-leukotrienes, inhibitors of cell adhesion (e.g. ICAM antagonists), anti-oxidants (eg N-acetylcysteine), cytokine agonists, cytokine antagonists, lung surfactants and/or antimicrobial and anti-viral agents (eg ribavirin and amantadine). The compositions according to the invention may also be used in combination with gene replacement therapy.

Combination and Alternation Therapy for HCV

It has been recognized that drug-resistant variants of HCV can emerge after prolonged treatment with an antiviral agent. Drug resistance most typically occurs by mutation of a gene that encodes for a protein such as an enzyme used in viral replication, and most typically in the case of HCV, RNA polymerase, protease, or helicase.

Recently, it has been demonstrated that the efficacy of a drug against a viral infection, such as HIV, can be prolonged, augmented, or restored by administering the drug in combination or alternation with a second, and perhaps third, antiviral compound that induces a different mutation from that caused by the principal drug. Alternatively, the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, or other parameter of the drug can be altered by such combination or alternation therapy. In general, combination therapy is typically preferred over alternation therapy because it induces multiple simultaneous stresses on the virus.

A compound of the present invention can also be administered in combination or alternation with antiviral agent. Examplary antiviral agents include ribavarin, interferon, interleukin or a stabilized prodrug of any of them. More broadly described, the compound can be administered in combination or alternation with any of the anti-HCV drugs listed in Table 12 below.

TABLE 12 Table of anti-Hepatitis C Compounds in Current Clinical Development Drug name Drug category Pharmaceutical Company PEGASYS Long acting interferon Roche pegylated interferon alfa-2a INFERGEN Long acting interferon InterMune interferon alfacon-1 OMNIFERON Long acting interferon Viragen natural interferon ALBUFERON Long acting interferon Human Genome Sciences REBIF Interferon Ares-Serono interferon beta-la Omega Interferon Interferon BioMedicine Oral Interferon alpha Oral Interferon Amarillo Biosciences Interferon gamma-lb Anti-fibrotic InterMune IP-501 Anti-fibrotic InterMune Merimebodib VX-497 IMPDH inhibitor Vertex (inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase) AMANTADINE Broad Antiviral Agent Endo Labs (Symmetrel) Solvay IDN-6556 Apotosis regulation Idun Pharma. XTL-002 Monclonal Antibody XTL HCV/MF59 Vaccine Chiron CIVACIR Polyclonal Antibody NABI Therapeutic vaccine Innogenetics VIRAMIDINE Nucleoside Analogue ICN ZADAXIN (thymosin alfa-1) Immunomodulator Sci Clone CEPLENE (histamine) Immunomodulator Maxim VX 950/LY 570310 Protease inhibitor Vertex/Eli Lilly ISIS 14803 Antisense Isis Pharmaceutical/Elan IDN-6556 Caspase inhibitor Idun Pharmaceuticals JTK 003 Polymerase Inhibitor AKROS Pharma Tarvacin Anti-Phospholipid Therapy Peregrine HCV-796 Polymerase Inhibitor ViroPharma/Wyeth CH-6 Protease inhibitor Schering ANA971 Isatoribine ANADYS ANA245 Isatoribine ANADYS CPG 10101 (Actilon) Immunomodulator Coley Rituximab (Rituxam) Anti-CD2O Genetech/IDEC Monoclonal Antibody NM283 (Valopicitabine) Polymerase Inhibitor Idenix Pharmaceuticals HepX ™-C Monoclonal Antibody XTL IC41 Therapeutic Vaccine Intercell Medusa Interferon Longer acting interferon Flamel Technology E-1 Therapeutic Vaccine Innogenetics Multiferon Long Acting Interferon Viragen BILN 2061 Protease inhibitor Boehringer-Ingelheim TMC435350 Protease inhibitor Tibotec/Medivir Telaprevir (VX-950) Protease inhibitor Vertex Boceprevir (SCH 503034) Protease inhibitor Schering-Plough ACH-1625 Protease inhibitor Achillion ABT-450 Protease inhibitor Abbott/Enanta BI-201335 Protease inhibitor Boehringer-Ingelheim PHX-1766 Protease inhibitor Phenomix VX-500 Protease inhibitor Vertex MK-7009 protease inhibitor Merck R7227 (ITMN-191) protease inhibitor InterMune Narlaprevir (SCH 900518) Protease inhibitor Schering/Merck Alinia (nitazoxanide) To be determined Romark ABT-072 Polymerase Inhibitor Abbott ABT-333 Polymerase Inhibitor Abbott Filibuvir (PF-00868554) Polymerase Inhibitor Pfizer VCH-916 Polymerase Inhibitor Vertex R7128 (PSI6130) Polymerase Inhibitor Roche/Pharmasset IDX184 Polymerase Inhibitor Idenix R1626 Polymerase inhibitor Roche MK-3281 Polymerase inhibitor Merck PSI-7851 Polymerase inhibitor Pharmasset ANA598 Polymerase inhibitor Anadys Pharmaceuticals BI-207127 Polymerase inhibitor Boehringer-Ingelheim GS-9190 Polymerase inhibitor Gilead VCH-759 Polymerase Inhibitor Vertex Clemizole NS4B inhibitor Eiger Biopharmaceuticals A-832 NS5A inhibitor ArrowTherapeutics BMS-790052 NS5A inhibitor Bristol-Myers-Squibb ITX5061 Entry inhibitor iTherx GS-9450 Caspase inhibitor Gilead ANA773 TLR agonist Anadys CYT107 Immunomodulator Cytheris SPC3649 (LNA-antimiR ™-122) microRNAs Santaris Pharma Debio 025 Cyclophilin inhibitor Debiopharm SCY-635 Cyclophilin inhibitor Scynexis

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein are accorded the meaning commonly known to one of ordinary skill in the art. All publications, patents, published patent applications, and other references mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations which may be used in the descriptions of the scheme and the examples that follow are: Ac for acetyl; AcOH for acetic acid; AIBN for azobisisobutyronitrile; BINAP for 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl; Boc₂O for di-tert-butyl-dicarbonate; Boc for t-butoxycarbonyl; Bpoc for 1-methyl-1-(4-biphenylyl)ethyl carbonyl; BtOH for 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole; Bz for benzoyl; Bn for benzyl; BocNHOH for tent-butyl N-hydroxycarbamate; t-BuOK for potassium tert-butoxide; Bu₃SnH for tributyltin hydride; BOP for (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phos-phonium Hexafluorophosphate; Brine for sodium chloride solution in water; Cbz for carbobenzyloxy; CDI for carbonyldiimidazole; CH₂Cl₂ for dichloromethane; CH₃ for methyl; CH₃CN for acetonitrile; Cs₂CO₃ for cesium carbonate; CuCl for copper (I) chloride; CuI for copper (I) iodide; dba for dibenzylidene acetone; dppb for diphenylphosphino butane; DBU for 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene; DCC for N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; DEAD for diethylazodicarboxylate; DIAD for diisopropyl azodicarboxylate; DIPEA or (i-Pr)₂EtN for N,N-diisopropylethyl amine; Dess-Martin periodinane for 1,1,1-tris(acetyloxy)-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3-(1H)-one; DMAP for 4-dimethylaminopyridine; DME for 1,2-dimethoxy-ethane; DMF for N,N-dimethylformamide; DMSO for dimethyl sulfoxide; DMT for di(p-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl or dimethoxytrityl; DPPA for diphenylphosphoryl azide; EDC for N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide; EDC HCl for N-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride; EtOAc for ethyl acetate; EtOH for ethanol; Et₂O for diethyl ether; Fmoc for 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl; HATU for O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′,-tetramethyluronium Hexafluorophosphate; HCl for hydrogen chloride; HOBT for 1-hydroxybenzotriazole; K₂CO₃ for potassium carbonate; n-BuLi for n-butyl lithium; i-BuLi for i-butyl lithium; t-BuLi for t-butyl lithium; PhLi for phenyl lithium; LDA for lithium diisopropylamide; LiTMP for lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinate; MeOH for methanol; Mg for magnesium; MOM for methoxymethyl; Ms for mesyl or —SO₂—CH₃; Ms₂O for methanesulfonic anhydride or mesyl-anhydride; NaBH₄ for sodium borohydride; NaBH₃CN for sodium cyanoborohydride; NaN(TMS)₂ for sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide; NaCl for sodium chloride; NaH for sodium hydride; NaHCO₃ for sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate; Na₂CO₃ sodium carbonate; NaOH for sodium hydroxide; Na₂SO₄ for sodium sulfate; NaHSO₃ for sodium bisulfite or sodium hydrogen sulfite; Na₂S₂O₃ for sodium thiosulfate; NH₂NH₂ for hydrazine; NH₄HCO₃ for ammonium bicarbonate; NH₄Cl for ammonium chloride; NMMO for N-methylmorpholine N-oxide; NaIO₄ for sodium periodate; Ni for nickel; OH for hydroxyl; OsO₄ for osmium tetroxide; Pd for palladium; Ph for phenyl; PMB for p-methoxybenzyl; POPd for dihydrogen dichlorobis(di-tert-butylphosphinito-KP)palladate(II); Pd₂(dba)₃ for tris(dibenzylidene-acetone) dipalladium (0); Pd(PPh₃)₄ for tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0); PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ for trans-dichlorobis(triphenyl-phosphine)palladium (II); Pt for platinum; Rh for rhodium; rt for romm temperature; Ru for ruthenium; SEM for (trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl; TBAF for tetrabutylammonium fluoride; TBS for tent-butyl dimethylsilyl; TEA or Et₃N for triethylamine; Teoc for 2-trimethylsilyl-ethoxy-carbonyl; TFA for trifluoroacetic acid; THF for tetrahydrofuran; TMEDA for N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine; TPP or PPh₃ for triphenyl-phosphine; Troc for 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonyl; Ts for tosyl or —SO₂—C₆H₄—CH₃; Ts₂O for tolylsulfonic anhydride or tosyl-anhydride; TsOH for p-tolylsulfonic acid; TMS for trimethylsilyl; or TMSCl for trimethylsilyl chloride.

Synthetic Methods

The compounds and processes of the present invention will be better understood in connection with the following synthetic schemes that illustrate the methods by which the compounds of the invention may be prepared. Starting materials can be obtained from commercial sources or prepared by well-established literature methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art. It will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the compounds defined above can be synthesized by substitution of the appropriate reactants and agents in the syntheses shown below. It will also be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that the selective protection and deprotection steps, as well as the order of the steps themselves, can be carried out in varying order, depending on the nature of the variables to successfully complete the syntheses below. The variables are as defined above unless otherwise noted below.

The compounds of the present invention may be prepared via several different synthetic routes from a variety of 5/6-membered fused heteroaryl, 5-membered heteroaryl, and related intermediates. A retro-synthesis of those title compounds include direct formation of a suitably linked core structure (5/6-membered fused heteroaryl or 5-membered heteroaryl) followed by attachment of a suitable capping group (such as —C(O)R⁶), plus some functional group manipulations in between and/or after. Various 5/6-membered fused heteroaryl or 5-membered heteroaryl intermediates are known to those skilled in the art, for example see the encyclopedic volumns edited by A. R. Katrizky, et al, “Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry” 1984; “Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry II” 1996; “Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry III” 2008.

A general synthesis and further elaboration of some 6-membered ring fused imidazole related intermediates are summarized in Scheme 1, in which Z is N or CH.

The synthesis starts from the construction of an optionally substituted imidazopyridine or benzimidazole 1-2, which may be obtained by condensation of an amino acid or its derivative 1-1.1 or 1-1.2 and a 2,3-diaminopyridine or 1,2-diaminobenzene 1-1 under the conditions to those skilled in the art. The imidazole ring closure may be realized either in one pot by heat, optionally in the presence of an acid and/or with a dehydration reagent such as polyphosphoric acid; or in two steps: 1) amide formation between diamine 1-1 and amino acid 1-1.1 or 1-1.2 in the presence of a condensation reagent such as EDC HCl, DCC or the like; or through mixed anhydride approach by reacting acid 1-1.1 or 1-1.2 with a chloroformate such as methyl chloroformate, isobutyl chloroformate, or the like, in the presence of a base such as TEA, DIPEA, DMAP, N-methylmorpholine, or the like, followed by treating the mixed anhydride with diamine 1-1; and 2) the heterocyclic ring closure in the presence of an acid such as acetic acid, sulfuric acid or the like or a dehydration reagent such as HATU or the like, optionally with heat.

Optionally, the NH group in the newly formed imidazopyridine or benzimidazole ring of 1-2 may be protected with an amino protecting group, such as SEM (i.e. SEM-Cl, NaH), Boc, Cbz, Teoc, Troc, or the like. The protected imidazopyridine or benzimidazole 1-2 may be subjected to lithium-halogen exchange with various (n-, s-, or t-) butyl lithium and the resulting lithiate can be trapped with a nucleophile, i.e. a halide such as various allyl halide to give the allylated 1-6 as a key intermediate. Alternatively, 1-6 may be obtained from the Stille reaction conditions to those skilled in the art (see reviews: A. Anastasia, et al, Handbook of Organopalladium Chemistry for Organic Synthesis, 2002, 1, 311; F. Bellina, et al, Synthesis 2004, 2419; M. G. Organ, et al, Synthesis 2008, 2776; A. T. Lindhardt, et al, Chem.—A European J., 2008, 14, 8756; E. A. B. Kantchev, et al, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed, 2007, 46, 2768; V. Farina, et al, Advances in Metal-Organic Chem., 1996, 5, 1) using an allylstanne such as alkyltributylstanne as the allyl donor. Analogously a key vinyl intermediates 1-3 may be prepared by Stille reaction from bromide 1-2 with tributylvinylstanne. Also, Sonogashira coupling between bromide 1-2 and propargyl alcohol or trimethylsilyl-acetylene can generate propargyl alcohol 1-4 or alkyne 1-5 after removal of TMS. Further bromination of intermediate 1-4 may form the propargyl bromide 1-9. In addition, the bromide 1-2 may be converted to methyl ketone 1-7 by coupling with tributyl(1-ethoxyvinyl)tin under Stille coupling conditions followed by acidic hydrolysis.

Further elaboration of the imidazopyridine or benzimidazole intermediates starts from the vinyl intermediate 1-3, which may be transformed to aldehyde 1-8 through ozonolysis or periodate/OsO₄ cleavage or to alcohol 1-12 by hydroboration-oxidation sequence. Alcohol 1-12 may be converted to bromide 1-15 by the well-known bromination procedure, which can be further functionalized to amine 1-20 through azide substitution followed by reduction. Aldehyde 1-8 can then either be reduced to alcohol 1-11, or be converted to α,β-unsatuated acid 1-10 through Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons aldehyde homologation reaction followed by saponification. Alcohol 1-11 may be similarly converted to the corresponding amine intermediate 1-14 and bromide intermediate 1-13 as described previously. Bromide 1-13 can be homologated to alkyne intermediate 1-19 with a metal acetylide. In addition, bromide 1-13 may be also transformed to thiol 1-16 through nucleophilic substitution, which can be further oxidized to sulfonic acid 1-17. Sulfonamide 1-18 may then be derived from 1-17 through the sulfonyl chloride activation process.

It should be noted that optionally the NH group of all the imidazopyridine or benzimidazole related intermediates listed above may be protected with an amino protecting group, such as SEM (i.e. SEM-Cl, NaH), Boc, Cbz, Teoc, Troc, or the like.

A typical syntheses of imidazole related intermediates are analogous to that of the imidazopyridine or benzimidazole intermediates. As shown in Scheme 2, bromo-imidazole 2-4 can be synthesized in a three-step sequence: 1) condensation between amino acid derived aldehyde 2-1.1 or 2-1.2 and glyoxal 2-1.3 in the presence of methanolic ammonia to generate imidazole 2-2; 2) bromination of 2-2 with excess amount of bromination reagent such as 2,4,4,6-tetrabromo-2,5-cyclohexadienone, NBS, etc. to afford dibromide 2-3; and 3) selective reduction of the dibromide 2-3 by heating in aq. Na₂SO₃ or aq. NaHSO₃. 2-4 then may be served as a universal intermediate further elaborable to many other imidazole derivatives using the chemistry discussed in Scheme 1, some of which are listed in the table below.

TABLE 13

Optionally, the NH group of imidazole related intermediates listed above may be protected with an amino protecting group (shown in Scheme 2 as PG, theoretically the reaction will generate two regio-isomers, but only one is drawn for clarity), such as SEM (i.e. SEM-Cl, NaH), Boc, Cbz, Teoc, Troc, or the like. The protected imidazole 2-5 may be deprotonated with a strong base such as LDA, BuLi, etc to generate a carbon anion, which may either undergo a nucleophilic substitution with an activated halide such as 2-5.2 to afford aryl or heteroaryl substituted imidazole 2-6 or couple with an aryl or heteroaryl halide 2-5.1 in the presence appropriate transition metal salt to generate bicyclic heteroaryl 2-7. Similarly, the protected bromo imidazole 2-8 may be subjected to lithium-halogen exchange with various (n-, s-, or t-) butyl lithium, the resulting lithiate may undergo similar reactions to afford 2-6 and 2-7. Also, when 2-8 is treated with metallated aryl or heteroaryl 2-8.1, in which M at each occurrence is independently a boron, tin, silicon, zinc, zirconium, or copper species, under Suzuki, Stille or related coupling conditions known to those skilled in the art (see reviews: A. Suzuki, Pure Applied Chem. 1991, 63, 419; A. Suzuki, Handbook of Organopalladium Chemistry for Organic Synthesis, 2002, 1, 249; A. Anastasia, et al, Handbook of Organopalladium Chemistry for Organic Synthesis, 2002, 1, 311; F. Bellina, et al, Synthesis 2004, 2419; M. G. Organ, et al, Synthesis, 2008, 2776; A. T. Lindhardt, et al, Chem.—A European J., 2008, 14, 8756; E. A. B. Kantchev, et al, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed, 2007, 46, 2768; V. Farina, et al, Advances in Metal-Organic Chem., 1996, 5, 1), to provide coupling product 2-7. In addition to these direct coupling strategy, aryl or heteroaryl bromide 2-5.1 may be converted to methyl ketone 2-9 under Stille coupling conditions with tributyl(1-ethoxyvinyl)tin 2-9.1. 2-9 may be brominated under conditions to those skilled in the art to afford bromide 2-10, which may be either converted to the corresponding amine 2-11, or coupled with protected amino acid 1-1.1 or 1-1.2 in the presence of a base such as Et₃N and DIPEA to afford keto-ester 2-12. Similarly, amine 2-11 may be converted to the corresponding keto-amide 2-13 via condensation with appropriate amino acid under standard amide formation conditions. 2-12 and 2-13 may be transformed to key intermediate 2-14 via heating with (NH₄)OAc under thermal or microwave conditions.

Similarly when Q is a fused bicyclic group as previously defined, compounds of the present invention may be synthesized from intermediates 3-2 and 3-3 (as shown in Scheme 3), which may be synthesized using similar chemistry described in Schemes 1 and 2 from the bicyclic carboxylic acid 3-1. Bicyclic carboxylic acids or derivatives with various structural features are either commercially available or known in the literature, and have been extensively reviewed by S. Hanessian, et al (Tetrahedron, 1997, 53, 12789) and A. Trabocchi, et al (Amino Acids, 2008, 34, 1) which are incorporated herein by reference.

Other requisite building blocks for the syntheses of the molecule of the present invention are various amide, carbamate or urea-related intermediates, which can be prepared from a suitable, commercially available amine through standard amide, carbamate or urea formation by direct condensation of an carboxylic acid with a dehydration and/or condensation reagent, such as HATU, DCC, BtOH, EDC or the like; or a chloroformate; or an isocyanate; in the presence of a suitable base such as pyridine, TEA, DIPEA, DMAP, NaHCO₃, K₂CO₃ or the like. For example, as shown in Scheme 3a, the Boc-protected β-amino acid 3-1a can be condensed with 4-bromoaniline 3-2a in the presence of HATU and DIPEA in CH₂Cl₂ to afford amide 3-3a.

Other examples of some of the amide-related intermediates that may be used to construct the title compounds of the present invention are compiled in the table below.

TABLE 14

With a variety of suitably substituted imidazopyridines, benzimidazoles and imidazoles such as those listed in Schemes 1-3 and the amide-related derivatives such as that in Scheme 3a, and the tables above in hand, the compounds of the present invention may be prepared through various coupling strategy or a combination of strategies to connect two fragments, optionally with a suitable cyclic or acyclic linker or formation of a cyclic or acyclic linker. The said strategy includes, but not limited to, Stille coupling, Suzuki coupling, Sonogashira coupling, Heck coupling, Buchwald amidation, Buchwald amination, alkylation, pericyclic reaction with different variations, or the like.

An example of the strategies that may be used to prepare the compounds of the present invention is shown in Scheme 4. Both bromides 4-1 and 4-2 can be prepared using similar procedures described in Schemes 1-3 and 3a. Bromide 4-2 can be converted to the corresponding metallated aryl 4-3 (boronate or stanne) under Suzuki or Stille conditions with bis(pinacolato)diboron, hexamethylditin or hexabutylditin in the presence of Pd-catalyst. The latter may be further coupled with imidazopyridine bromide 4-1 under similar conditions to generate a core structure 4-4.

Compound 4-4 then may be served as a common intermediate for further derivatizations to 4-5 in two steps: 1) mono-deprotection of the linear or cyclic amine moiety may be accomplished, for example, treatment to hydrogenolytic conditions under Pd catalyst to remove the Cbz protection group; and 2) the released amine functionality may be acylated with an carboxylic acid under standard acylation conditions, for example a coupling reagent such as HATU in combination with an organic base such as DIPEA can be used in this regard; alternatively, the released amine may be reacted with an isocyanate, carbamoyl chloride or chloroformate to provide an urea or carbamate. Various carboxylic acids including amino acids in racemic or optical form are commercially available, and/or can be synthesized in racemic or optical form, see references cited in reviews by D. Seebach, et al, Synthesis, 2009, 1; C. Cativiela and M. D. Diaz-de-Villegas, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 2007, 18, 569; 2000, 11, 645; and 1998, 9, 3517; and experimental examples compiled in patent application WO 08/021,927 A2 by C. Bachand, et al, from Brisol-Myers Squibb, Co., which is incorporated herein by reference. 4-5 may be further deprotected under hydrolytic conditions in the presence of an acid such as TFA or hydrogen chloride to remove the Boc protection group and the released amine functionality can be further derivatized to the title compounds I-1, with a carboxylic acid using the conditions described above.

Alternatively, as shown in Scheme 4a, the compounds of the present invention (for example I-1) may also be derived from bromoimidazopyridine or bromobenzimidazole 4-1a and amide 4-2a using the procedures described previously. The intermediates 4-1a and 4-2a have the desired acyl groups already installed using similar sequences shown in Scheme 4.

The compounds of the present invention containing five-membered heteroaryl other than imidazole may be prepared using similar procedures described above in Schemes 1-4 and 4a. For example, some intermediates containing a desired, suitably substituted five-membered heteroaryl have been published in US 2008/0311075A1 by C. Bachand, et al from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co., which is incorporated by reference. Theses intermediates are compiled in the following table.

TABLE 15

The synthesis of the compounds of the present invention involves 5/6-membered fused heteroaryl intermediates other than imidazopyridines or benzimidazoles, various 5/6-membered fused heteroaryl are known in the literature. The synthesis of other 5/6-membered fused heteroaryl intermediates depends on the chemical features of each structure. For example, a typical synthesis of indole intermediate is illustrated in Scheme 5. The commercially available bromoiodoaniline 5-1 may be coupled to the commercially available acetylene 5-1.1 under the Sonogashira conditions to give phenylacetylene 5-2. The latter may be cyclized to indole 5-3 under heat or microwave condition in the presence of a copper catalyst.

It will be appreciated that, with appropriate manipulation and protection of any chemical functionality, synthesis of compounds of Formula (I) is accomplished by methods analogous to those above and to those described in the Experimental section. Suitable protecting groups can be found, but are not restricted to, those found in T W Greene and P G M Wuts “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, 3rd Ed (1999), J Wiley and Sons.

In certain aspects, the invention encompasses a process of making a compound of the invention comprising:

i) preparing a compound of Formula (II):

via a transition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling reaction; wherein: G, J, U, R¹, R^(1a), R^(1b), R^(7a), R^(7b)b, R⁹ and R^(9a) are as defined above; Ring A¹ is absent, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl; Ring B¹ is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl; L¹ is absent, optionally substituted C₂-C₄ alkenyl or C₂-C₄ alkynyl; and Z^(a) and Z^(b) are each independently an amino protecting group or —C(O)—R⁶; wherein R⁶ is as defined above; ii) when Z^(a) or Z^(b) is an amino protecting group, fully or selectively deprotecting a compound of Formula (II) to give the corresponding amine of Formula (III):

wherein Z^(c) is hydrogen, an amino protecting group or —C(O)—R⁶; iii) capping the released amino group of a compound of Formula (III) with LG-C(O)—R⁶,

wherein LG is a leaving group; to give the compound of Formula (IV):

wherein Z^(d) is an amino protecting group —C(O)—R⁶; and iv) repeated reaction sequence of deprotecting and capping (step ii-iii) to give the compound of Formula (V):

All references cited herein, whether in print, electronic, computer readable storage media or other form, are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety, including but not limited to, abstracts, articles, journals, publications, texts, treatises, internet web sites, databases, patents, and patent publications.

EXAMPLES

The compounds and processes of the present invention will be better understood in connection with the following examples, which are intended as an illustration only and not limiting of the scope of the invention. Various changes and modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art and such changes and modifications including, without limitation, those relating to the chemical structures, substituents, derivatives, formulations and/or methods of the invention may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.

Although the invention has been described with respect to various preferred embodiments, it is not intended to be limited thereto, but rather those skilled in the art will recognize that variations and modifications may be made therein which are within the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.

The compounds of examples 1-82, 84-256, 258-326 and 328-347 may be prepared using procedures similar to those described in examples 83, 257 and 327 (described below), and/or as described in the Synthetic Method.

Examples 1-219

Entry

 1

 2

 3

 4

 5

 6

 7

 8

 9

 10

 11

 12

 13

 14

 15

 16

 17

 18

 19

 20

 21

 22

 23

 24

 25

 26

 27

 28

 29

 30

 31

 32

 33

 34

 35

 36

 37

 38

 39

 40

 41

 42

 43

 44

 45

 46

 47

 48

 49

 50

 51

 52

 53

 54

 55

 56

 57

 58

 59

 60

 61

 62

 63

 64

 65

 66

 67

 68

 69

 70

 71

 72

 73

 74

 75

 76

 77

 78

 79

 80

 81

 82

 83

 84

 85

 86

 87

 88

 89

 90

 91

 92

 93

 94

 95

 96

 97

 98

 99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

Examples 220-229

Entry R R′ R″ U Entry R R′ R″ U 220 Me H H CH₂ 221 H H H CF₂ 222 Me H H S 223 H H H

224 Me H H O 225 H H H

226 H Ph H CH₂ 227 H H H

228 H H Ph CH₂ 229 H H H

Examples 230-233

Entry E Entry E Entry E Entry E 230 absent 231 CH₂ 232 CH₂CH₂ 233 CH₂CH₂CH₂

Examples 234-259

Entry R 234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

Examples 260-268

Entry Q^(q) 260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

Examples 269-278

Entry R R′ R″ R′′′ Entry R R′ R″ R′′′ 269 F H H H 270 F F H H 271 Me H H H 272 Me Me H H 273 H H Me Me 274 H H Et Et 275 CF₃ H H H 276 CF₃ H CF₃ H 277 Cl H H H 278 Cl H Cl H

Examples 279-296

Entry R R′ R″ 279 Me H H 280 H CO₂H H 281 H F H 282 H H CO₂H 283 H H F 284 H CO₂Me H 285 H Cl H 286 H H CO₂Me 287 H H Cl 288 H CONH₂ H 289 H Me H 290 H H CONH₂ 291 H H Me 292 H OMe H 293 H CF₃ H 294 H H OMe 295 H H CF₃ 296 CO₂ Me H H

Examples 297-314

Entry A^(a) 297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

Examples 315-335

Entry A^(a) 315

316

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

Examples 336-347

Entry G^(g) 336

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

Example 83

The title compound was prepared from (S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid and 4-bromoaniline 4-iodobenzoic acid using procedures similar to that described in examples 354 and 355. ESIMS m/z=716.57 [M+H]⁺.

Example 257

Step 257a. A solution of the compound from example 353 (32.5 μmol at most) in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) was treated with HCl in 1,4-dioxane (4 M, 3 mL) for 30 min. The volatiles were evaporated off to give the crude desired compound as a yellow solid which was directly used in the next step. ESIMS m/z=416.37 [M+H]⁺.

Step 257b. A mixture of the crude compound from step 257a (32.5 μmol at most) and (S)-(methoxycarbonyl)amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (prepared according to WO 2008/021927, 11.4 mg, 65.0 μmol) in DMF (3 mL) was treated with HATU (23.4 mg, 61.7 μmol) in the presence of DIPEA (81 μL, 0.650 mmol) for 2 hours at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off to provide a brown sirup. It was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂-MeOH) to give the title compound as a light yellow solid (16.9 mg, 3 steps 71%). ESIMS m/z=730.63 [M+H]⁺.

Example 327

The title compound was prepared from the compound of Example 366 using procedures similar to that described in example 359. ESIMS m/z=740.43 [M+H]

Examples 348a and 348b

Step 348a. A mixture of 4-bromoaniline (0.500 g, 2.91 mmol) and trans (+/−)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (0.733 g, 3.20 mmol) in DMF (12 mL) were added EDC-HCl (0.724 g, 3.78 mmol), HOBt (0.646 g, 3.78 mmol) and DIPEA (0.54 mL, 4.36 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature until the disappearance of the starting material. The mixture was partitioned (EtOAc—water) and the organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a yellow white solid (0.787 g, 71%). ESIMS m/z=404.99, 406.98 [M+H+Na]⁺.

Step 348b. A mixture of 2,4′-dibromoacetophenone (5.00 g, 18.0 mmol) and N-Boc-L-proline (3.87 g, 18.0 mmol) in CH₃CN (60 mL) was added TEA (5.40 mL, 37.8 mmol) slowly. The mixture was stirred at room temperature until the disappearance of the starting material. The volatiles were evaporated and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc—water). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a light yellow foam (6.73 g, 91%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 7.76 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.63 (dd, J=5.0, 8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.51, 5.16 (2d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 5.32, 5.28 (2d, J=16.5 Hz, 1H), 4.48, 4.40 (dd, J=5.0, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.56 (m, 1H), 3.43 (m, 1H), 2.30 (m, 2H), 2.06 (m, 1H), 1.92 (m, 1H), 1.46, 1.43 (2s, 9H).

Step 348c. A solution of the compound from step 348b (6.73 g, 16.3 mmol) in toluene (100 mL) was added ammonium acetate (25.1 g, 0.327 mol) and the resultant mixture was heated up to 100° C. for 14 hours. The volatiles were evaporated and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc-aq. NaHCO₃). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a yellow foam (6.10 g, 95%). ESIMS m/z=392.24, 394.24 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 7.57 (bs, 1H), 7.48 (m, 3H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 4.97 (m, 1H), 3.42 (m, 2H), 2.99 (m, 1H), 2.16 (m, 2H), 1.97 (m, 1H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Step 348d. A mixture of the compound from step 348c (1.00 g, 2.55 mmol), bis-(pinacolato) diboron (1.35 g, 5.33 mmol) and potassium acetate (0.640 g, 6.53 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.147 g, 0.128 mmol). The resultant mixture were degassed for three times and heated up to 80° C. under N₂ for 14 hours. The volatiles were evaporated and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc—water). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give intermediate 1 as a light yellow solid (0.978 g, 87%). ESIMS m/z=440.39 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 11.03, 10.55 (2s, 1H), 7.79 (m, 3H), 7.45 (m, 1H), 7.26 (m, 1H), 4.97 (m, 1H), 3.41 (m, 2H), 3.06, 2.91 (2m, 1H), 2.17 (m, 2H), 1.97 (m, 1H), 1.49 (s, 9H), 1.35 (s, 12H).

Step 348e. A mixture of the compound from step 348a (0.200 g, 0.522 mmol), the compound from step 348d (0.229 g, 0.522 mmol) and NaHCO₃ (0.175 g, 2.09 mmol) in DME (12 mL) and H₂O (4 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (30.2 mg, 26.1 μmol). The resultant mixture were degassed and heated to 85° C. under N₂ for 14 hours. The volatiles were evaporated and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc—H₂O). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give a mixture of the title compounds as a light yellow solid (0.180 g, 56%). ESIMS m/z=616.30 [M+H]⁺.

Examples 349a and 349b

Step 349a. A solution of the compound of example 348 (60.0 mg, 97.5 μmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was treated with HCl in 1,4-dioxane (4 M, 1 mL) for 30 min. The volatiles were evaporated off to give the crude desired compound as a yellow solid which was directly used in the next step. ESIMS m/z=416.20 [M+H]⁺.

Step 349b. A mixture of the crude compound from step 348a (97.5 μmol at most) and (S)-(methoxycarbonyl)amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (prepared according to WO 2008/021927, 35.8 mg, 0.205 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was treated with HATU (74.1 mg, 0.195 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (0.24 mL, 1.95 mmol) for 2 hours at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off to provide a brown sirup. It was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂-MeOH) to give a mixture of the title compounds as a white solid (63.2 mg, 2 steps 89%). ESIMS m/z=730.33 [M+H]⁺.

Examples 350a and 350b

Step 350a. A mixture of 2-amino-6-bromonaphthalene (0.500 g, 2.25 mmol) and trans (+/−) 2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (0.567 g, 2.48 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added EDC HCl (0.561 g, 2.93 mmol), HOBt (0.500 g, 2.93 mmol) and DIPEA (0.42 mL, 3.38 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature until the disappearance of the starting material. The mixture was partitioned (EtOAc—water) and the organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated to give the desired compound as a red white solid (0.911 g, 93%). ESIMS m/z=433.04, 435.04 [M+H]⁺.

Step 350b. A mixture of the compound from step 350a (0.200 g, 0.462 mmol), the compound from step 348d (0.184 g, 0.420 mmol) and NaHCO₃ (0.141 g, 1.68 mmol) in DME (12 mL) and H₂O (4 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (24.2 mg, 20.9 μmol). The resultant mixture were degassed and heated to 85° C. under N₂ for 14 hours. The volatiles were evaporated and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc—H₂O). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give a mixture of the title compounds as a light yellow white solid (0.198 g, 71%). ESIMS m/z=666.33 [M+H]⁺.

Examples 351a and 351b

Step 351a. A solution of the compound from example 350 (50.0 mg, 75.1 μmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was treated with HCl in 1,4-dioxane (4 M, 1 mL) for 30 min. The volatiles were evaporated off to give the crude desired compound as a yellow solid which was directly used in the next step. ESIMS m/z=466.24 [M+H]⁺.

Step 351b. A mixture of the crude compound from step 351a (75.1 μmol at most) and (S)-(methoxycarbonyl)amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (prepared according to WO 2008/021927, 27.6 mg, 0.158 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was treated with HATU (57.1 mg, 0.150 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (0.19 mL, 1.50 mmol) for 2 hours at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off to provide a brown sirup. It was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂-MeOH) to give a mixture of the title compounds as a yellow solid (52.1 mg, 2 steps 89%). ESIMS m/z=780.40 [M+H]⁺.

Example 352

Step 352a. A mixture of (R)-(+)-tert-butyl pyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate (0.100 g, 0.537 mmol) and (S)-(methoxycarbonyl)amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (prepared according to WO 2008/021927, 0.103 g, 0.590 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was treated with HATU (0.204 g, 0.537 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (0.13 mL, 1.07 mmol) for 2 hours at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off to provide a brown sirup. It was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂-MeOH) to give the desired compound as a colorless oil (0.194 g, ca. 100%). ESIMS m/z=344.37 [M+H]⁺.

Step 352b. A solution of the compound from step 352a (0.537 mmol at most) in CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL) was treated with HCl in 1,4-dioxane (4 M, 6 mL) for 30 min. The volatiles were evaporated off to give the crude desired compound as a yellow solid which was directly used in the next step. ESIMS m/z=244.24 [M+H]⁺.

Step 352c. A mixture of the crude compound from step 352b (0.537 mmol at most) and 4-iodobenzoic acid (0.146 g, 0.590 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was treated with HATU (0.204 g, 0.537 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (0.13 mL, 1.07 mmol) for 2 hours at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off to provide a brown sirup. It was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂-MeOH) to give the desired compound as a light yellow oil (0.198 g, 3 steps 78%). ESIMS m/z=474.25 [M+H]⁺.

Step 352d. A solution of the compound from step 348c (1.500 g, 3.824 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (12 mL) was treated with HCl in 1,4-dioxane (4 M, 24 mL) at room temperature for 1.5 hours. The volatiles were evaporated off to give the crude desired compound as a yellow solid, which was used directly in the next step. ESIMS m/z=292.06, 294.06 [M+H]⁺.

Step 352e. A mixture of the crude compound from step 352d (3.824 mmol at most) and (S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (prepared according to WO 2008/021927, 0.670 g, 3.824 mmol) in DMF (12 mL) was treated with HATU (1.381 g, 3.633 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (6.66 mL, 38.24 mmol) for 1 hour at room temperature and the volatiles were evaporated off. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate, with 1% Et₃N in EtOAc) to give the desired compound as a yellow oil (1.500 g, 87% over 2 steps). ESIMS m/z=449.12, 451.12 [M+H]⁺.

Step 352f. A mixture of the compound from step 352e (1.50 g, 3.34 mmol), bis-(pinacolato) diboron (1.69 g, 6.68 mmol) and potassium acetate (0.818 g, 8.35 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.193 g, 0.167 mmol). The resultant mixture were degassed for three times and heated up to 85° C. under N₂ for 14 hours. The volatiles were evaporated and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc—water). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give intermediate 2 as a colorless oil (1.15 g, 69%). ESIMS m/z=497.35 [M+H]⁺.

Step 352g. A mixture of the compound from step 350c (39.8 mg, 84.1 μmol), the compound from step 352f (54.2 mg, 0.109 mmol) and NaHCO₃ (28.3 g, 0.336 mmol) in DME (6 mL) and H₂O (2 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (4.9 mg, 4.2 μmol). The resultant mixture were degassed and heated to 85° C. under N₂ for 14 hours. The volatiles were evaporated and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc—H₂O). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂-MeOH) to give the title compound as a light yellow solid (50.8 mg, 84%). ESIMS m/z=716.51 [M+H]⁺.

Example 353

Step 353a. A mixture of (S)-pyrrolidin-2-ylmethanamine (0.132 g, 0.661 mmol) and 4-iodobenzoic acid (0.167 g, 0.661 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL) was treated with HATU (0.251 g, 0.661 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (0.16 mL, 1.32 mmol) for 2 hours at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off to provide a brown sirup. It was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a colorless oil (0.256 g, 90%). ESIMS m/z=431.22 [M+H]⁺.

Step 353b. A mixture of the compound from step 353a (49.0 mg, 0.114 mmol), the compound from step 348d (60.0 mg, 0.137 mmol) and NaHCO₃ (38.3 mg, 0.456 mmol) in DME (6 mL) and H₂O (2 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (6.5 mg, 5.6 μmol). The resultant mixture were degassed and heated to 85° C. under N₂ for 14 hours. The volatiles were evaporated and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc—H₂O). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the title compound as a light yellow oil (70.0 mg, ca. 100%). ESIMS m/z=616.48 [M+H]⁺.

Example 354

Step 354a. A mixture of 1-Boc-pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (0.100 g, 0.465 mmol) and 4-bromoaniline (79.9 mg, 0.465 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL) was treated with HATU (0.177 g, 0.465 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (0.12 mL, 0.929 mmol) for 2 hours at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off to provide a brown sirup. It was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a colorless oil (0.156 g, 91%). ESIMS m/z=369.21, 371.25 [M+H]⁺.

Step 354b. A mixture of the compound from step 354a (50.3 mg, 0.136 mmol), the compound from step 348d (65.8 mg, 0.150 mmol) and NaHCO₃ (45.8 mg, 0.545 mmol) in DME (6 mL) and H₂O (2 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (7.9 mg, 6.8 μmol). The resultant mixture were degassed and heated to 85° C. under N₂ for 14 hours. The volatiles were evaporated and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc—H₂O). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the title compound as a colorless oil (72.6 mg, 89%). ESIMS m/z=602.40 [M+H]⁺.

Example 355

Step 355a. A solution of the compound from example 354 (20.0 mg, 33.2 μmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) was treated with HCl in 1,4-dioxane (4 M, 3 mL) for 30 min. The volatiles were evaporated off to give the crude desired compound as a yellow solid which was directly used in the next step. ESIMS m/z=402.38 [M+H]⁺.

Step 355b. A mixture of the crude compound from step 355a (max. 33.2 μmol) and (S)-(methoxycarbonyl)amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (prepared according to WO 2008/021927, 12.2 mg, 69.7 μmol) in DMF (3 mL) was treated with HATU (25.2 mg, 66.4 μmol) in the presence of DIPEA (83 μt, 0.664 mmol) for 2 hours at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off to provide a brown sirup. It was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂-MeOH) to give the title compound as a light yellow solid (17.0 mg, 2 steps 71%). ESIMS m/z=716.64 [M+H]⁺.

Examples 356a and 356b

Step 356a. A mixture of trans-N-Boc-1,2-cyclopentanediamine (60.0 mg, 0.300 mmol) and 3-iodobenzoic acid (74.3 mg, 0.300 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL) was treated with HATU (0.114 g, 0.300 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (75 μL, 0.600 mmol) for 2 hours at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off to provide a brown sirup. It was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a white solid (0.120 g, 93%). ESIMS m/z=431.27 [M+H]⁺.

Step 356b. 6-bromo-N-methoxy-N-methyl-2-naphthamide (prepared according to J. Med. Chem., 2006, 49, 4721-4736, 3.57 g, 12.1 mmol) in THF (60 mL) was treated with methyl magnesium bromide (3M in Et₂O, 8.09 mL, 24.3 mmol) slowly at 0° C. for 1 hour. The solution was warmed up to rt for 2 hours before being quenched with aqueous NH₄Cl. The volatiles were removed and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc—water). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated to give the crude desired compound as a white solid (2.89 g, 96%).

Step 356c. The compound from step 356b (2.89 g, 11.6 mmol) in acetic acid (60 mL) was treated with bromine (0.59 mL, 11.6 mmol) dropwise for 1 hour. The volatiles were evaporated and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc—saturated aqueous NaHCO₃). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated to give the crude desired compound as a light yellow solid (3.898 g).

Step 356d. A mixture of the compound from step 356c (at most 11.6 mmol) and N-Boc-L-proline (3.75 g, 17.4 mmol) in CH₃CN (60 mL) was added DIPEA (2.89 mL, 23.2 mmol) slowly. The mixture was stirred at rt until the disappearance of the starting material. The volatiles were evaporated and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc—water). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated to give the crude desired compound as a yellow-white foam (4.762 g). ESIMS m/z=462.03, 464.02 [M+H]⁺.

Step 356e. A mixture of the compound from step 356d (0.200 g, 0.452 mmol), bis(pinaco-lato)diboron (0.144 g, 0.565 mmol), PdCl₂(dppf)₂ (36.9 mg, 0.0452 mmol) and potassium acetate (88.7 mg, 0.904 mmol) in DMSO (5 mL) was degassed and heated at 80° C. under N₂ for 17 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool down and partitioned (EtOAc—water). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a yellow solid (0.188 g, 85%). ESIMS m/z=490.12 [M+H]⁺.

Step 356f. A mixture of the compound from step 356a (29.4 mg, 68.3 μmol), the compound from step 356e (40.0 mg, 81.9 μmol) and NaHCO₃ (22.9 mg, 0.273 mmol) in DME (6 mL) and H₂O (2 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (3.9 mg, 3.4 μmol). The resultant mixture were degassed and heated to 85° C. under N₂ for 16 hours. The volatiles were evaporated and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc—H₂O). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give a mixture of the title compounds as a light yellow solid (42.2 mg, 93%). ESIMS m/z=666.45 [M+H]⁺.

Examples 357a and 357b

Step 357a. A solution of the compound from example 356 (20.0 mg, 30.0 μmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) was treated with HCl in 1,4-dioxane (4 M, 3 mL) for 30 min. The volatiles were evaporated off to give the crude desired compound as a yellow solid which was directly used in the next step. ESIMS m/z=466.43 [M+H]⁺.

Step 357b. A mixture of the crude compound from step 357a (max. 30.0 μmol) and (S)-(methoxycarbonyl)amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (prepared according to WO 2008/021927, 11.0 mg, 63.0 μmol) in DMF (3 mL) was treated with HATU (22.8 mg, 60.0 μmol) in the presence of DIPEA (75 μL, 0.600 mmol) for 2 hours at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off to provide a brown sirup. It was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂-MeOH) to give a mixture of the title compounds as a white solid (16.0 mg, 2 steps 69%). ESIMS m/z=780.72 [M+H]⁺.

Example 358

Step 358a. A mixture of N-Boc-L-proline (5.754 g, 26.7 mmol) and TEA (3.73 mL, 26.7 mmol) in THF (60 mL) at −20° C. was treated with ethyl chloroformate (2.55 mL, 26.7 mmol) for 30 minutes before a slow addition of 4-bromo-1,2-diaminobenzene (5.00 g, 26.7 mmol) in THF (20 mL). It was then kept at −20° C. for 1 hour and then slowly warmed up to rt and stirred at rt overnight. The volatiles were evaporated and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc -water). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated to give the crude desired compound as a dark brown foam (10.7 g). ESIMS m/z=384.18, 386.18 [M+H]⁺.

Step 358b. A solution of the crude compound from step 358a (10.7 g, 26.7 mmol at most) in glacial acetic acid (100 mL) was heated at 50° C. for 2 hours. The volatiles were evaporated off and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc—aqueous NaHCO₃). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a brown foam (5.78 g, 59%). ESIMS m/z=366.17, 368.17 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 10.96, 10.93 (2 s, 1H), 7.81, 7.30 (2 s, 1H), 7.53, 7.17 (2d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.23, 7.03 (2d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.09, 5.07 (2s, 1H), 3.42-3.49 (m, 2H), 2.75-2.85 (m, 1H), 2.13-2.23 (m, 2H), 1.97-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.48 (s, 9H).

Step 358c. A mixture of the compound from step 358b (2.010 g, 5.488 mmol), trimethylsilyl-acetylene (2.33 ml, 16.46 mmol), CuI (0.110 g, 0.576 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ (0.308 g, 0.439 mmol) in Et₃N (50 mL) was degased and then heated at 80° C. under N₂ overnight before being evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate with 1% Et₃N in ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a yellow foam (1.140 g, 54%). ESIMS m/z=384.22 [M+H]⁺.

Step 358d. A suspension of the compound from step 358c (1.140 g, 2.972 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (1.027 g, 7.430 mmol) in methanol (30 ml) was stirred at rt for 2 hour. The volatiles were evaporated off. The residue was partitioned (EtOAc—H₂O). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate with 1% Et₃N in ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a yellow foam (0.792 g, 86%). ESIMS m/z=312.18 [M+H]⁺.

Step 358e. A mixture of the compound from step 354a (52.6 mg, 0.143 mmol), the compound from step 358d (48.8 mg, 0.157 mmol) in Et₃N (6 mL) was added CuI (0.8 mg, 4.2 μmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (16.4 mg, 14.2 μmol). The resultant mixture were degassed and heated to 85° C. under N₂ for 20 hours. The volatiles were evaporated and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc—H₂O). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the title compound as a light yellow solid (27.4 mg, 32%). ESIMS m/z=600.45 [M+H]⁺.

Example 359

Step 359a. A solution of the compound from example 358 (27.4 mg, 45.7 μmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) was treated with HCl in 1,4-dioxane (4 M, 3 mL) for 30 min. The volatiles were evaporated off to give the crude desired compound as a yellow solid which was directly used in the next step. ESIMS m/z=400.35 [M+H]⁺.

Step 359b. A mixture of the crude compound from step 359a (max. 45.7 μmol) and (S)-(methoxycarbonyl)amino-3-methyl-butyric acid (prepared according to WO 2008/021927, 16.8 mg, 95.9 μmol) in DMF (3 mL) was treated with HATU (34.7 mg, 91.4 μmol) in the presence of DIPEA (0.11 mL, 0.914 mmol) for 2 hours at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off to provide a brown sirup. It was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂-MeOH) to give the title compound as a light yellow solid (16.8 mg, 2 steps 52%). ESIMS m/z=714.65 [M+H]⁺.

Example 360

Step 360a. A mixture of (S)-tert-butyl 2-(aminomethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (0.109 g, 0.544 mmol) and 3-iodobenzoic acid (0.135 g, 0.544 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL) was treated with HATU (0.206 g, 0.544 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (0.14 mL, 1.09 mmol) for 2 hours at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off to provide a brown sirup. It was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a colorless oil (0.204 g, 87%). ESIMS m/z=431.21 [M+H]⁺.

Step 360b. A solution of the compound from step 356d (0.120 g, 0.271 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) was treated with HCl in 1,4-dioxane (4 M, 6 mL) at rt for 1.5 hours. The volatiles were evaporated off to give the crude desired compound as a yellow solid which was used directly in the next step.

Step 360c. A mixture of the crude compound from step 360b (0.271 mmol at most) and (5)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (47.5 mg, 0.271 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was treated with HATU (98.0 mg, 0.258 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (0.47 mL, 2.713 mmol) for 1.5 hours at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off. The residue was patitioned (EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂—H₂O). The organic layer was washed with saturated NaHCO₃, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate with 1% Et₃N in ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a light yellow solid (0.132 g, 97% over 2 steps). ESIMS m/z=498.86, 500.85 [M+H]⁺.

Step 360d. A mixture of the compound from step 360c (0.130 g, 0.260 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (79.3 mg, 0.312 mmol), PdCl₂(dppf)₂ (21.3 mg, 26.0 μmol) and potassium acetate (51.0 mg, 0.521 mmol) in DMSO (4 mL) was degassed and heated at 80° C. under N₂ overnight. The mixture was allowed to cool down and partitioned (EtOAc—H₂O). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate with 1% Et₃N in ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a yellow foam (0.105 g, 74%). ESIMS m/z=547.08 [M+H]⁺.

Step 360e. A mixture of the compound from step 360a (18.4 mg, 43.9 μmol), the compound from step 360d (20.0 mg, 36.6 μmmol) and NaHCO₃ (12.3 mg, 0.146 mmol) in DME (6 mL) and H₂O (2 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (2.1 mg, 1.8 μmmol). The resultant mixture were degassed and heated to 85° C. under N₂ for 16 hours. The volatiles were evaporated and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc—H₂O). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the title compound as a colorless oil (32.6 mg, ca. 100%). ESIMS m/z=723.45 [M+H]⁺.

Example 361

The title compound was prepared from the compound of example 360 using procedures similar to that described in example 359. ESIMS m/z=780.75 [M+H]⁺.

Example 362

Step 362a. A mixture of N-Boc-L-proline (5.754 g, 26.7 mmol) and TEA (3.73 mL, 26.7 mmol) in THF (60 mL) at −20° C. was treated with ethyl chloroformate (2.55 mL, 26.7 mmol) for 30 minutes before a slow addition of 4-bromo-1,2-diaminobenzene (5.00 g, 26.7 mmol) in THF (20 mL). It was then kept at −20° C. for 1 hour and then slowly warmed up to rt and stirred at rt overnight. The volatiles were evaporated and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc -water). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated to give the crude desired compound as a dark brown foam (10.7 g). ESIMS m/z=384.18, 386.18 [M+H]⁺.

Step 362b. A solution of the crude compound from step 362a (10.7 g, 26.7 mmol at most) in glacial acetic acid (100 mL) was heated at 50° C. for 2 hours. The volatiles were evaporated off and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc—aqueous NaHCO₃). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a brown foam (5.78 g, 59%). ESIMS m/z=366.17, 368.17 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 10.96, 10.93 (2 s, 1H), 7.81, 7.30 (2 s, 1H), 7.53, 7.17 (2d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.23, 7.03 (2d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.09, 5.07 (2s, 1H), 3.42-3.49 (m, 2H), 2.75-2.85 (m, 1H), 2.13-2.23 (m, 2H), 1.97-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.48 (s, 9H).

Step 362c. A mixture of the compound from step 362b (1 g, 2.73 mmol), bis-(pinacolato)-diboron (763 mg, 3.0 mmol), potassium acetate (402 mg, 4.0 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (9.1 mL) was added tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (158 mg, 0.14 mmol). The resulting solution was degased and then heated at 80° C. under N₂ overnight before being evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate with 1% Et₃N in ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a yellow solid (680 mg, 60%). ESIMS m/z=414.24 [M+H]⁺.

Step 362d. A mixture of the compound from step 354a (20.0 mg, 54.2 μmol), the compound from step 362c (24.6 mg, 59.6 μmmol) and NaHCO₃ (18.2 mg, 0.217 mmol) in DME (6 mL) and H₂O (2 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (3.1 mg, 2.7 μmmol). The resultant mixture were degassed and heated to 90° C. under N₂ for 14 hours. The volatiles were evaporated and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc—H₂O). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the title compound as a colorless oil (29.3 mg, 93%). ESIMS m/z=576.41 [M+H]⁺.

Example 363

The title compound was prepared from the compound of example 362 using procedures similar to that described in example 359. ESIMS m/z=690.54 [M+H]⁺.

Example 364

Step 364a. A mixture of (S)-1-N-Boc-beta-proline (0.100 g, 0.465 mmol) and 2-amino-6-bromonaphthalene (0.103 g, 0.465 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL) was treated with HATU (0.177 g, 0.465 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (0.12 mL, 0.929 mmol) for 2 hours at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off to provide a brown syrup. It was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a white solid (0.191 g, 98%).

Step 364b. A mixture of the compound from step 364a (30.0 mg, 71.5 μmol), the compound from step 348d (34.5 mg, 78.6 μmol) and NaHCO₃ (24.0 mg, 0.286 mmol) in DME (6 mL) and H₂O (2 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (4.0 mg, 3.5 μmmol). The resultant mixture were degassed and heated to 95° C. under N₂ for 16 hours. The volatiles were evaporated and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc—H₂O). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the title compound as a white solid (41.6 mg, 89%). ESIMS m/z=652.28 [M+H]⁺.

Example 365

The title compound was prepared from the compound of example 364 using procedures similar to that described in example 359. ESIMS m/z=766.37 [M+H]⁺.

Example 366

A mixture of the compound from step 364a (30.0 mg, 71.5 μmol), the compound from step 362c (32.4 mg, 78.6 μmmol) and NaHCO₃ (24.0 mg, 0.286 mmol) in DME (6 mL) and H₂O (2 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (4.0 mg, 3.5 μmmol). The resultant mixture were degassed and heated to 95° C. under N₂ for 14 hours. The volatiles were evaporated and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc—H₂O). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the title compound as a white solid (40.2 mg, 90%). ESIMS m/z=626.36 [M+H]⁺.

Examples 367a and 367b

Step 367a. To a suspension of trans-1,2-cyclopentanediamine dihydrochloride (racemic, 0.100 g, 0.578 mmol) in THF (6 mL) at 0° C. was added NaH (60% in mineral oil, 46.2 mg, 1.155 mmol). After 5 minutes at 0° C., the milky solution was stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes before 9-BBN (0.5 M in THF, 1.15 mL, 0.578 mmol) was added. After 1 hour at room temperature, a solution of 4-iodobenzoyl chloride (0.146 g, 0.548 mmol) in THF (1.2 mL) was added. The suspension was stirred at room temperature for 2 hr being quenched carefully with H₂O. The mixture was partitioned (EtOAc—aqueous NaHCO₃). The organiclayer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated to give the crude product as a mixture of monoamidation and diamidation products as a white semi-solid, which was used directly for next step.

Step 367b. A mixture of the crude compound from step 367a (0.578 mmol at most) and (5)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (prepared according to WO 2008/021927, 101.2 mg, 0.578 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was treated with HATU (0.220 g, 0.578 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (1.00 mL, 5.778 mmol) for 1 hours at room temperature and the volatiles were evaporated off. The residue was taken up in CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4/1), filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a white solid (17.0 mg). ESIMS m/z=488.07 [M+H]⁺.

Step 367c. A mixture of compound from step 367b (17.0 mg, 34.9 μmmol), the compound from step 352f (17.2 mg, 34.9 μmmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (4.0 mg, 3.49 μmmol) and NaHCO₃ (10.3 mg, 0.122 mmol) in DME (2.1 mL) and H₂O (0.7 mL) was degassed and heated at 97° C. under N₂ for 15 hours. The mixture was partitioned (EtOAc—H₂O). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified first by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate, with 1% Et₃N and 20% MeOH in EtOAc) and then by preparative TLC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 4/1) to give a mixture of the title compounds as an off-white solid (8.4 mg, 33%). ESIMS m/z=730.28 [M+H]⁺.

Example 368

Step 368a. A mixture of (1R,2R)-trans-N-Boc-1,2-cyclopentanediamine (80.0 mg, 0.399 mmol) and 4-iodobenzoic acid (100.1 mg, 0.403 mmol) in CH₃CN (7 mL) was treated with HATU (0.152 g, 0.399 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (0.70 mL, 3.994 mmol) for 1 hours at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a white solid (0.160 g, 93%). ESIMS m/z=331.10 [M+H]⁺.

Step 368b. A mixture of compound from 368a (45.0 mg, 0.105 mmol), the compound from step 348d (46.0 mg, 0.105 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (12.1 mg, 10.5 μmol) and NaHCO₃ (30.8 mg, 0.366 mmol) in DME (3 mL) and H₂O (1 mL) was degassed and heated at 97° C. under N₂ for 15 hours. The mixture was partitioned (EtOAc—H₂O). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate, with 1% Et₃N and 10% MeOH in EtOAc) to give the title compound as an off-white solid (63.2 mg, 98%). ESIMS m/z=616.36 [M+H]⁺.

Example 369

Step 369a. A solution of the compound of example 368 (63.2 mg, 0.103 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (1.25 mL) was treated with HCl in 1,4-dioxane (4 M, 5 mL) at 30° C. for 30 minutes. The volatiles were evaporated off to give the crude desired compound as a yellow solid, which was used directly in the next step.

Step 368b. A mixture of the crude compound from step 369a (0.103 mmol at most) and (5)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (prepared according to WO 2008/021927, 36.0 mg, 0.205 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was treated with HATU (74.1 mg, 0.195 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (0.36 mL, 2.053 mmol) for 30 minutes at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off. It was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate, with 1% Et₃N and 20% MeOH in EtOAc) to give the title compound as a yellow solid (56.0 mg, 75% over 2 steps). ESIMS m/z=730.45 [M+H]⁺.

Examples 370a and 370b

Step 370a. A mixture of trans-N-Boc-1,2-cyclopentanediamine (60.0 mg, 0.300 mmol) and 4-iodobenzoic acid (75.0 mg, 0.303 mmol) in CH₃CN (5 mL) was treated with HATU (0.114 g, 0.300 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (0.52 mL, 3.000 mmol) for 1 hours at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a white solid (0.119 g, 92%). ESIMS m/z=331.10 [M+H]⁺.

Step 370b. A mixture of the compound from step 362c (0.250 g, 0.605 mmol), 1-bromo-4-iodobenzene (0.257 g, 0.908 mmol), NaHCO₃ (0.203 g, 2.42 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (34.9 mg, 30.2 μmmol) in DME (12 mL) and water (4 mL) was degassed and heated to 85° C. under N₂ overnight. The volatiles were evaporated and the residue was partitioned (EtOAc—water). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a very light yellow solid (0.246 g, 92%). ESIMS m/z=442.00, 444.00 [M+H]⁺.

Step 370c. To a mixture of the compound from step 370b (50.0 mg, 0.113 mmol), bis-(pinacolato)-diboron (35.9 mg, 0.141 mmol), potassium acetate (22.2 mg, 0.226 mmol) in DMSO (2 mL) was added PdCl₂(dppf)₂ (9.2 mg, 11.3 μmol). The resulting solution was degased and then heated at 80° C. under N₂ overnight before being partitioned (EtOAc—H₂O).

The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate with 1% Et₃N in ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a colorless oil (36.4 mg, 66%). ESIMS m/z=490.37 [M+H]⁺.

Step 370d. A mixture of compound from step 370a (32.0 mg, 74.4 μmmol), the compound from step 370c (36.4 mg, 74.4 μmmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (8.6 mg, 7.4 μmmol) and NaHCO₃ (21.9 mg, 0.260 mmol) in DME (2.1 mL) and H₂O (0.7 mL) was degassed and heated at 97° C. under N₂ for 15 hours. The mixture was partitioned (EtOAc—H₂O). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate, with 1% Et₃N and 10% MeOH in EtOAc) to give a mixture of the title compounds as an off-white solid (31.7 mg, 64%). ESIMS m/z=666.37 [M+H]⁺.

Examples 371a and 371b

Step 371a. A solution of the compound of example 370 (31.7 mg, 47.6 μmmol) in 1,4-dioxane (1 mL) was treated with HCl in 1,4-dioxane (4 M, 4 mL) at 30° C. for 30 minutes. The volatiles were evaporated off to give the crude desired compound as a yellow solid, which was used directly in the next step.

Step 371b. A mixture of the crude compound from step 371a (47.6 μmmol at most) and (S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (prepared according to WO 2008/021927, 16.7 mg, 95.2 μmol) in DMF (3 mL) was treated with HATU (34.4 mg, 90.5 μmmol) in the presence of DIPEA (0.17 mL, 0.952 mmol) for 30 minutes at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate, with 1% Et₃N and 20% MeOH in EtOAc) to give a mixture of the title compounds as a white solid (31.6 mg, 85% over 2 steps). ESIMS m/z=780.52 [M+H]⁺.

Example 372

Step 372a. A mixture of (S)-3-(Boc-amino)pyrrolidine (0.150 g, 0.805 mmol) and (S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (prepared according to WO 2008/021927, 0.148 g, 0.846 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was treated with HATU (0.306 g, 0.805 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (1.40 mL, 8.05 mmol) for 1 hours at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂-MeOH) to give the desired compound as a yellow oil (0.680 g). ESIMS m/z=344.21 [M+H]⁺.

Step 372b. A solution of the compound from step 372a (0.680 g, 0.805 mmol at most) in 1,4-dioxane (1.5 mL) was treated with HCl in 1,4-dioxane (4 M, 6 mL) at rt for 1 hours. The volatiles were evaporated off to give the crude desired compound as a yellow oil, which was used directly in the next step. ESIMS m/z=244.17 [M+H]⁺.

Step 372c. A mixture of the crude compound from step 372b (0.805 mmol at most) and 4-iodobenzoic acid (0.200 g, 0.805 mmol) in CH₃CN (4 mL) was treated with HATU (0.306 g, 0.805 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (1.40 mL, 8.05 mmol) for 1 hours at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate, with 1% Et₃N in EtOAc) to give the desired compound as a white foam (0.232 g, 61% over 3 steps). ESIMS m/z=474.07 [M+H]⁺.

Step 372d. A mixture of compound from step 372c (30.0 mg, 63.4 μmol), the compound from step 352f (40.9 mg, 82.4 μmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (7.3 mg, 6.34 μmol) and NaHCO₃ (21.3 mg, 0.254 mmol) in DME (3 mL) and H₂O (1 mL) was degassed and heated at 98° C. under N₂ for 2.5 hours. The mixture was partitioned (EtOAc—H₂O). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate, with 1% Et₃N and 20% MeOH in EtOAc) to give the title compound as a light brown solid (42.7 mg, 94%). ESIMS m/z=716.27 [M+H]⁺.

Example 373

Step 373a. A mixture of (R)—N-Boc-pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (1.000 g, 4.646 mmol) and 4-bromoaniline (0.799 g, 4.646 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was treated with HATU (1.766 g, 4.646 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (1.62 mL, 9.292 mmol) for 1 hours at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a white foam (1.699 g, 99%).

Step 373b. A mixture of compound from step 373a (0.100 g, 0.271 mmol), the compound from step 348d (0.131 g, 0.298 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (31.2 mg, 27.1 μmmol) and NaHCO₃ (91.0 mg, 1.083 mmol) in DME (3 mL) and H₂O (1 mL) was degassed and heated at 97° C. under N₂ for 15 hours. The mixture was partitioned (EtOAc—H₂O). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate, with 1% Et₃N in EtOAc) to give the title compound as a white solid (0.111 g, 68%). ESIMS m/z=602.30 [M+H]⁺.

Example 374

Step 374a. A solution of the compound of example 373 (0.111 g, 0.184 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) was treated with HCl in 1,4-dioxane (4 M, 6 mL) at room temperature for 1 hour. The volatiles were evaporated off to give the crude desired compound as a yellow solid, which was used directly in the next step.

Step 374b. A mixture of the crude compound from step 374a (0.184 mmol at most) and (5)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (prepared according to WO 2008/021927, 64.6 mg, 0.369 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) was treated with HATU (0.133 g, 0.351 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (0.64 mL, 3.689 mmol) for 1 hour at room temperature and the volatiles were evaporated off. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate, with 1% Et₃N and 20% MeOH in EtOAc) to give the title compound as a light yellow solid (0.122 g, 92% over 2 steps). ESIMS m/z=716.37 [M+H]⁺.

Examples 375a and 375b

Step 375a. A mixture of trans-aminocyclopentanol hydrochloride (racemic, 0.100 g, 0.727 mmol) and 4-iodobenzoic acid (0.180 g, 0.727 mmol) in CH₃CN (10 mL) was treated with HATU (0.276 g, 0.727 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (1.27 mL, 7.266 mmol) for 30 minutes at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate with 1% EtOH) to give the desired compound as a white solid (0.226 g, 94%). ESIMS m/z=332.04 [M+H]⁺.

Step 375b. A mixture of compound from step 375a (45.0 mg, 0.136 mmol), the compound from step 348d (46.0 mg, 0.105 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (15.7 mg, 13.6 μmol) and NaHCO₃ (45.7 mg, 0.544 mmol) in DME (3 mL) and H₂O (1 mL) was degassed and heated at 97° C. under N₂ for 15 hours. The mixture was partitioned (EtOAc—H₂O). The organics were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate, with 1% Et₃N and 1% EtOH in EtOAc) to give a mixture of the title compounds as a white solid (54.2 mg, 77%). ESIMS m/z=517.31 [M+H]⁺.

Examples 376a and 376b

Step 376a. A solution of the compound of example 375 (54.2 mg, 0.105 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (1.25 mL) was treated with HCl in 1,4-dioxane (4 M, 5 mL) at room temperature for 1 hour. The volatiles were evaporated off to give the crude desired compound as a yellow solid, which was used directly in the next step.

Step 376b. A mixture of the crude compound from step 376a (0.103 mmol at most) and (5)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (prepared according to WO 2008/021927, 36.8 mg, 0.210 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) was treated with HATU (37.9 mg, 0.100 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (0.18 mL, 1.049 mmol) for 15 minutes at rt and the volatiles were evaporated off. It was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate, with 1% Et₃N and 15% MeOH in EtOAc) to give a mixture of the title compounds as a white solid (50.1 mg, 83% over 2 steps). ESIMS m/z=574.35 [M+H]⁺.

Examples 377a and 377b

To a solution of (S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (prepared according to the method described in WO 2008/021927, 17.8 mg, 0.138 mmol) and Et₃N (19.2 μl, 0.138 mmol) in THF (2 mL) at −20° C. was added i-butyl chloroformate (17.9 μl, 0.138 mmol) in THF (0.1 mL). After 20 minutes at −20° C., a solution of the compound of example 376 (36.0 mg, 62.8 μmol) in THF (1 mL) was added. After 15 minutes at −20° C., the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The volatiles were evaporated off. The residue was purified by HPLC to give a mixture of the title compounds as a white solid (8.2 mg, 18%). ESIMS m/z=731.40 [M+H]⁺.

Example 378

Step 378a. A mixture of (S)-N-Boc-pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (80.0 mg, 0.372 mmol) and 2-amino-5-bromopyridine (64.3 mg, 0.372 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) was treated with HATU (0.141 g, 0.372 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (0.13 mL, 0.743 mmol) for 1 hours at rt. More (S)-N-Boc-pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (40.0 mg, 0.186 mmol), DIPEA (0.065 mL, 0.372 mmol) and HATU (70.5 mg, 0.186 mmol) were added. The mixture was heated at 100° C. with a microwave for 30 minutes. The volatiles were evaporated off. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate) to give the desired compound as a white foam (87.3 mg, 63%).

Step 378b. A mixture of compound from step 378a (48.0 mg, 0.130 mmol), the compound from step 370c (62.7 mg, 0.143 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (15.0 mg, 13.0 μmmol) and NaHCO₃ (38.1 mg, 0.454 mmol) in DME (3 mL) and H₂O (1 mL) was degassed and heated at 97° C. under N₂ for 15 hours. The volatiles were evaporated off. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate, with 1% Et₃N in EtOAc) to give the title compound as a yellow solid (61.8 mg, 79%). ESIMS m/z=603.15 [M+H]⁺.

Example 379

Step 379a. A solution of the compound of example 378 (61.8 mg, 0.102 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (1 mL) was treated with HCl in 1,4-dioxane (4 M, 4 mL) at room temperature for 1.5 hours. The volatiles were evaporated off to give the crude desired compound as a yellow solid, which was used directly in the next step.

Step 379b. A mixture of the crude compound from step 379a (0.102 mmol at most) and (S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (prepared according to WO 2008/021927, 35.9 mg, 0.205 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was treated with HATU (74.1 mg, 0.195 mmol) in the presence of DIPEA (0.36 mL, 2.051 mmol) for 15 minutes at room temperature and the volatiles were evaporated off. The residue was purified by chromatography (silica, hexanes-ethyl acetate, with 1% Et₃N and 20% MeOH in EtOAc) to give the title compound as a light yellow solid (62.4 mg, 85% over 2 steps). ESIMS m/z=717.15 [M+H]⁺.

Example 380

The title compound was prepared from (R)-tert-butyl 2-(aminomethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate using procedures similar to that described in example 257. ESIMS m/z=730.43 [M+H]⁺.

Example 381

Step 381a. Into a mixture of (S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (prepared according to WO 2008/021927, 90 mg, 0.5 mmol) and (R)-tert-butyl 2-(aminomethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (100 mg, 0.50 mmol) in acetonitrile (2 mL) was added diisopropylethylamine (0.11 mL, 0.6 mmol) and HATU (200 mg, 0.55 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour before being partitioned between water and EtOAc. The organic phase was separated, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated to afford a brown slurry, which was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, EtOAc-hexanes) to give the desired product as a light yellow solid (144 mg, 80%). ESIMS m/z=358.41 [M+H]⁺.

Step 381b. Into a mixture of compound form step 381a (144 mg, 0.4 mmol) was added hydrochloric acid in 1,4-dioxane (4M, 2 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour before all volatiles were removed to afford the crude desired compound, which was used directly for the next step without further purification. ESIMS m/z=258.28 [M+H]⁺.

Step 381c. The title compound was prepared from 4-iodobenzoic acid and the compound from step 348d using procedures similar to that described in example 348. ESIMS m/z=730.45 [M+H]⁺.

Examples 382a and 382b

A mixture of the title compounds was prepared from 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidine-3-carboxylic acid using procedures similar to that described in examples 354 and 355. ESIMS m/z=730.32 [M+H]⁺.

Biological Activity 1. HCV Replicon Cell Lines

HCV replicon cell lines (kindly provided by R. Bartenschlager) isolated from colonies as described by Lohman et. al. (Lohman et al. (1999) Science 285: 110-113, expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety) and used for all experiments. The HCV replicon has the nucleic acid sequence set forth in EMBL Accession No.: AJ242651, the coding sequence of which is from nucleotides 1801 to 8406.

The coding sequence of the published HCV replicon was synthesized and subsequently assembled in a modified plasmid pBR322 (Promega, Madison, Wis.) using standard molecular biology techniques. One replicon cell line (“SGR 11-7”) stably expresses HCV replicon RNA which consists of (i) the HCV 5′UTR fused to the first 12 amino acids of the capsid protein, (ii) the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (neo), (iii) the IRES from encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), and (iv) HCV NS2 to NS5B genes and the HCV 3′UTR. Another replicon cell line (“Huh-luc/neo-ET”) described by Vrolijk et. al. (Vrolijk et. al. (2003) Journal of Virological Methods 110:201-209, expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety) stably expresses HCV replicon RNA which consists of (i) the HCV 5′UTR fused to the first 12 amino acids of the capsid protein, (ii) the firefly luciferase reporter gene, (iii) the ubiquitin gene, (iv) the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (neo), (v) the IRES from encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), and (vi) HCV NS3 to NS5B genes that harbor cell culture adaptive mutations (E1202G, T1280I, K1846T) and the HCV 3′UTR.

These cell lines were maintained at 37° C., 5% CO₂, 100% relative humidity in DMEM (Cat# 11965-084, Invitrogen), with 10% fetal calf serum (“FCS”, Invitrogen), 1% non-essential amino acids (Invitrogen), 1% of Glutamax (Invitrogen), 1% of 100× penicillin/streptomycin (Cat# 15140-122, Invitrogen) and Geneticin (Cat# 10131-027, Invitrogen) at 0.75 mg/ml or 0.5 mg/ml for 11-7 and Huh-luc/neo-ET cells, respectively.

2. HCV Replicon Assay—qRT-PCR

EC₅₀ values of single agent compounds and combinations were determined by HCV RNA detection using quantitative RT-PCR, according to the manufacturer's instructions, with a TAQMAN® One-Step RT-PCR Master Mix Reagents Kit (Cat# AB 4309169, Applied Biosystems) on an ABI Model 7500 thermocycler. The TaqMan primers used for detecting and quantifying HCV RNA were obtained from Integrated DNA Technologies. HCV RNA was normalized to GAPDH RNA levels in drug-treated cells, which was detected and quantified using the Human GAPDH Endogenous Control Mix (Applied Biosystems, AB 4310884E). Total cellular RNA was purified from 96-well plates using the RNAqueous 96 kit (Ambion, Cat# AM1812). Chemical agent cytotoxicity was evaluated using an MTS assay according to the manufacturer's directions (Promega).

3. HCV Replicon Assay—Luciferase

Since clinical drug resistance often develops in viral infections following single agent therapies, there is a need to assess the additive, antagonistic, or synergistic properties of combination therapies. We use the HCV replicon system to assess the potential use of the compound of the present invention or in combination therapies with Interferon alpha, cyclosporine analogs and inhibitors targeting other HCV proteins. The acute effects of a single or combinations of drugs are studied in the “Huh-luc/neo-ET” replicon with each chemical agent titrated in an X or Y direction in a 6 point two-fold dilution curve centered around the EC50 of each drug. Briefly, replicon cells are seeded at 7,000 cells per well in 90 ul DMEM (without phenol red, Invitrogen Cat.# 31053-036) per well with 10% FCS, 1% non-essential amino acids, 1% of Glutamax and 1% of 100× penicillin/streptomycin and incubated overnight at 37° C., 5% CO₂, 100% relative humidity. 16-20 h after seeding cells, test compounds previously solubilized and titrated in dimethyl sulfoxide (“DMSO”) from each X plate and Y plate are diluted 1:100 in DMEM (without phenol red, Invitrogen Cat.# 31053-036) with 10% FCS, 1% non-essential amino acids, 1% of Glutamax and 1% of 100× penicillin/streptomycin and added directly to the 96-well plate containing cells and growth medium at a 1:10 dilution for a final dilution of compound and DMSO of 1:1000 (0.2% DMSO final concentration). Drug treated cells are incubated at 37° C., 5% CO₂, 100% relative humidity for 72 hours before performing a luciferase assay using 100 ul per well BriteLite Plus (Perkin Elmer) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Data analysis utilizes the method published by Prichard and Shipman (Antiviral Research, 1990. 14:181-205). Using this method, the combination data are analyzed for antagonistic, additive, or synergistic combination effects across the entire combination surface created by the diluted compounds in combination.

The compounds of the present invention may inhibit HCV by mechanisms in addition to or other than NS5A inhibition. In one embodiment, the compounds of the present invention inhibit HCV replicon and in another embodiment the compounds of the present invention inhibit NS5A.

The compounds of the present invention can be effective against the HCV 1b genotype. It should also be understood that the compounds of the present invention can inhibit multiple genotypes of HCV. In one embodiment compound of the present invention are active against the 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 4a, and 5a genotypes. Table 16 shows the EC₅₀ values of representative compounds of the present invention against the HCV 1b genotype from the above described qRT-PCR or luciferase assay. EC₅₀ ranges against HCV 1b are as follows: A>10 nM; B 1-10 nM; C<1 nM. Where two compounds are indicated under the Example column (e.g., 349a and 349b), it is to be understood that a mixture of the two compounds was tested in the above described qRT-PCR or luciferase assay.

TABLE 16 Genotype-1b replicon EC₅₀ Example Range Example Range Example Range  83 B 257 C 327 A 349a and B 351 B 352 B 349b 355 B 357 A 359 C 361 B 363 A 365 B 367a and C 369 A 371a and C 367b 371b 372 B 374 C 377a and C 377b 379 C 380 B 381 A 382a and C 382b

While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims. 

1. A compound represented by Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Ring A is absent or a monocyclic or polycyclic group independently selected from aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, and C₃-C₈ cycloalkenyl, each optionally substituted; Ring B is a monocyclic or polycyclic group independently selected from aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, and C₃-C₈ cycloalkenyl, each optionally substituted; L is absent or selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₄ alkenyl, and optionally substituted C₂-C₄ alkynyl; G is optionally substituted 5-membered heteroaryl or optionally substituted 5/6-member fused heteroaryl; wherein the 5-membered heteroaryl contains one or more nitrogen, and wherein the 6-membered ring of said 5/6-fused membered heteroaryl is attached to one of Ring A, L, and Ring B, and is aryl or heteroaryl; J is selected from —N(R^(1c))—C(O)—, —N(R^(1c))—C(O)O—, or —N(R^(1c))—C(O)—N(R^(1c))—; W at each occurrence is independently 0 or —N(R^(1b))—; R¹, R^(1a), R^(1b), R^(1c), R⁹, and R^(9a) at each occurrence are each independently hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl; alternatively R^(1a) and R^(9a), R^(1a) and R⁹, R^(1i) and R^(9a), or R¹ and R⁹ can be taken together with the carbon atom(s) to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl or optionally substituted 4- to 8-membered heterocyclic; or yet alternatively R^(1b) and R^(9a), or R^(1b) and R⁹ can be taken together with the nitrogen or carbon atom(s) to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 4- to 8-membered heterocyclic; R⁶ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted O(C₁-C₈ alkyl); optionally substituted amino; C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkenyl, heterocyclic, aryl, and heteroaryl, each optionally substituted; Q is independently selected from:

X is absent, O, S, CH₂, or CH₂CH₂; Y is absent, O, S, C(R¹)₂, C(R¹)₂C(R⁷)₂, C(R¹)₂C(R⁷)₂C(R⁷)₂, C(R¹)₂OC(R¹)₂, or C(R¹)₂SC(R¹)₂; Wherein at least one of X and Y is present; Wherein at least one of X and Y is not O or S; U is absent or independently selected from O, S, S(O), SO₂, NC(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C(O), protected carbonyl, OCH₂, OCH₂CH₂, SCH₂, SCH₂CH₂, C(R⁷)₂, and C(R⁷)₂C(R⁷)₂; R⁷ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, cyano, hydroxy, O(C₁-C₄ alkyl), S(C₁-C₄ alkyl), amino optionally substituted with one or two C₁-C₄ alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl; Alternatively, two geminal R⁷ groups can be taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a spiro, optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered ring selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkenyl and optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocyclic; R² at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, or —NR^(a)R^(b); R^(a) at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl; R^(b) at each occurrence is —C(O)—R⁶; Alternatively R^(a) and R^(b) can be taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic or optionally substituted heteroaryl group; R³ and R⁴ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, and optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; alternatively, R³ and R⁴ can be taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl or optionally substituted heterocyclic; R⁵ is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, or optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; and R^(7a) and R^(7b) at each occurrence are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl; alternatively, CHR^(7a)—U or CHR^(7b)—U can be taken together to form a group selected from CH═CH, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heterocyclic; or yet alternatively, U, R^(7a), and R^(7b) can be taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a bridged, optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered ring selected from the group consisting of C₄-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₄-C₇ cycloalkenyl and 4- to 7-membered heterocyclic, each optionally substituted.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein G is

wherein said imidazolyl or benzimidazolyl groups are each optionally substituted; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein Q is

and Ring B is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 4. The compound of claim 3, wherein J is —NH—C(O)—; R⁶ is independently C₁-C₈ alkyl optionally substituted with amino, hydroxy, protected amino, or O(C₁-C₄ alkyl); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 5. The compound of claim 4, wherein R^(1b) and R^(9a), or R^(1b) and R⁹ are taken together with the nitrogen or carbon atom(s) to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 4- to 8-membered heterocyclic; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 6. The compound of claim 4, wherein R^(1a) and R⁹, or R¹ and R^(9a) are taken together with the carbon atom(s) to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl or optionally substituted 4- to 8-membered heterocyclic; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 7. The compound of claim 4, wherein Ring A and L are absent; Ring B is optionally substituted bicyclic aryl or optionally substituted bicyclic heteroaryl; and R⁶ is independently C₁-C₈ alkyl optionally substituted with protected amino or O(C₁-C₄ alkyl); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 8. The compound of claim 4, wherein Ring A is absent; L is optionally substituted C₂-C₄ alkenyl or optionally substituted C₂-C₄ alkynyl; Ring B is phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, bicyclic aryl, or bicyclic heteroaryl, each optionally substituted; and R⁶ is independently C₁-C₈ alkyl optionally substituted with protected amino or O(C₁-C₄ alkyl); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 9. The compound of claim 1 selected from the group of compounds I to 382 compiled in the following tables: Compounds I-219.

Entry

 1

 2

 3

 4

 5

 6

 7

 8

 9

 10

 11

 12

 13

 14

 15

 16

 17

 18

 19

 20

 21

 22

 23

 24

 25

 26

 27

 28

 29

 30

 31

 32

 33

 34

 35

 36

 37

 38

 39

 40

 41

 42

 43

 44

 45

 46

 47

 48

 49

 50

 51

 52

 53

 54

 55

 56

 57

 58

 59

 60

 61

 62

 63

 64

 65

 66

 67

 68

 69

 70

 71

 72

 73

 74

 75

 76

 77

 78

 79

 80

 81

 82

 83

 84

 85

 86

 87

 88

 89

 90

 91

 92

 93

 94

 95

 96

 97

 98

 99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

Compounds 220-229.

Entry R R′ R″ U 220 Me H H CH₂ 221 H H H CF₂ 222 Me H H S 223 H H H

224 Me H H O 225 H H H

226 H Ph H CH₂ 227 H H H

228 H H Ph CH₂ 229 H H H

Compounds 230-233.

Entry E 230 absent 231 CH₂ 232 CH₂CH₂ 233 CH₂CH₂CH₂

Compounds 234-259.

Entry R 234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

Compounds 260-268.

Entry Q^(q) 260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

Compounds 269-278.

Entry R R′ R″ R′′′ 269 F H H H 270 F F H H 271 Me H H H 272 Me Me H H 273 H H Me Me 274 H H Et Et 275 CF₃ H H H 276 CF₃ H CF₃ H 277 Cl H H H 278 Cl H Cl H

Compounds 279-296.

Entry R R′ R″ 279 Me H H 280 H CO₂H H 281 H F H 282 H H CO₂H 283 H H F 284 H CO₂Me H 285 H Cl H 286 H H CO₂Me 287 H H Cl 288 H CONH₂ H 289 H Me H 290 H H CONH₂ 291 H H Me 292 H OMe H 293 H CF₃ H 294 H H OMe 295 H H CF₃ 296 CO₂Me H H

Compounds 297-314.

Entry A^(a) 297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

Compounds 315-335.

Entry A^(a) 315

316

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

Compounds 336-347.

Entry G^(g) 336

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

Compounds 348-374 and 377-382. 348a and 348b

349a and 349b

350a and 350b

351a and 351b

352

353

354

355

356a and 356b

357a and 357b

358

359

360

361

362

363

364

365

366

367a and 367b

368

369

370a and 370b

371a and 371b

372

373

374

377a and 377b

378

379

380

381

382a and 382b


10. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or a combination of compounds according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 11. A method of inhibiting the replication of an RNA-containing virus comprising contacting said virus with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or combination of compounds of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 12. A method of treating or preventing infection caused by an RNA-containing virus comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or combination of compounds of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the RNA-containing virus is hepatitis C virus.
 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step of co-administering one or more agents selected from the group consisting of a host immune modulator, a second or more antiviral agents, and or a combination thereof.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the host immune modulator is selected from the group consisting of interferon-alpha, pegylated-interferon-alpha, interferon-beta, interferon-gamma, consensus interferon, a cytokine, and a vaccine.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the second or more antiviral agents inhibit replication of HCV by inhibiting host cellular functions associated with viral replication.
 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the second or more antiviral agents inhibit the replication of HCV by targeting proteins of the viral genome.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said targeting protein is selected from the group consisting of helicase, protease, polymerase, metalloprotease, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, assembly, entry, and IRES.
 19. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of co-administering an agent or combination of agents that treat or alleviate symptoms of HCV infection including cirrhosis and inflammation of the liver.
 20. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, further comprising an agent selected from interferon, pegylated interferon, ribavirin, amantadine, an HCV protease inhibitor, an HCV polymerase inhibitor, an HCV helicase inhibitor, or an internal ribosome entry site inhibitor.
 21. The composition of claim 10, further comprising a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 22. The composition of claim 21, wherein the cytochrome P450 mooxygenase inhibitor is ritonavir.
 23. A method of co-administering to a subject in need of anti-hepatitis C viral treatment comprising administering to said subject a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 24. A process of making a compound according to claim 1 comprising: i) preparing a compound of Formula (II):

via a transition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling reaction; wherein: G, J, U, R¹, R^(1a), R^(1b), R^(7a), R^(7b), R⁹, and R^(9a) are as defined in claim 1; Ring A¹ is absent, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl; Ring B¹ is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl; L¹ is absent, optionally substituted C₂-C₄ alkenyl or C₂-C₄ alkynyl; and Z^(a) and Z^(b) are each independently an amino protecting group or —C(O)—R⁶; wherein R⁶ is as defined in claim 1; ii) when Z^(a) or Z^(b) is an amino protecting group, fully or selectively deprotecting a compound of Formula (II) to give the corresponding amine of Formula (III):

wherein Z′ is hydrogen, an amino protecting group or —C(O)—R⁶; iii) capping the released amino group of a compound of Formula (III) with LG-C(O)—R⁶, wherein LG is a leaving group; to give the compound of Formula (IV):

wherein Z^(d) is an amino protecting group —C(O)—R⁶; and iv) repeated reaction sequence of deprotecting and capping (step ii-11i) to give the compound of Formula (V): 